Term | Definition |
The 6 "Rights" of medication administration | Right Patient
Right Medication
Right Dose
Right Time
Right Route
Right Documentation |
Enteral Route | Oral, Rectal, naso/orogastric |
Percutaneous Route | Topical (transdermal)
Sublingual
Buccal
Ocular
nasal
Aural (ear) |
Parenteral Route | Intradermal
Subcutaneous (SQ/SC)
Intramuscular (IM)
Intravenous (IV)
Intraosseous (IO)
Intramuscular (IM)
Intravenous (IV)
Intraosseous (IO) |
Pulmonary Route | Inhalation (MDI/Nebulizer)
Endotracheal (paramedic scope) |
Movement of drugs in the body as they are absorbed, distribution, metabolized and excreted | Pharmacokinetics |
Nature of absorbing surface, blood flow to site of administration, solubility of the drug, Ph, Drug concentration, dosage form, route of entry, bioavailability | Factors affecting Absorption |
Diffusion, Osmosis, Filtration | Mechanisms involved in Absorption |
The transport of an absorbed drug to target site | Distribution |
A series of chemical alterations drugs undergo within the body- in preparation for excretion | Biotransformation |
Elimination of the waste products of drug metabolism | Excretion |
The study of effects on the body | Pharmacodynamics |
Plasma Level Profile,
Biological Half Life,
Therapeutic Threshold,
Therapeutic Index | Drug response factors |
The time it takes for plasma level of a drug to decrease to half the measured amount | Half Life |
Age
body mass
gender
environment and time of administration
existing pathology | Factors altering Drug Responses |
symptoms that mimic naturally occurring disease states | Iatrogenic Response |
Synergism | Two drugs working together |
Potentiation | One drug multiplying or prolongs effects of another |
Antagonist | drug that prevents receptor stimulation by binding to a receptor site |
Hypersensitivity | AKA drug allergy |
Idiosyncratic reaction | abnormal or unexpected reaction peculiar to a certain patient |
Tolerance | individual capacity to endure certain medication- require larger dosage to achieve desired response |
Drug allergy | reaction occurring in a person who has been previously exposed to a drug and has developed antibodies |
Delayed reaction (serum sickness) | a type of hypersensitivity |
Anaphylactic reaction | Acute, systemic allergic reaction |
Cross tolerance | increased tolerance to drugs in the same class/family |
Drug dependance | physical or psychological need to use a drug or substance regularly |
Tachyphylaxis | A rapid development or tolerance |
Cumulative effect | successively stronger, larger or more effective- result from several doses administered or when absorption is faster than metabolism/excretion |
Drug toxicity | result of overdosage, ingestion of a drug not intended for internal use or buildup of a drug in system due to impaired metabolism or excretion |
Drug Names | chemical, trade, generic, "official" (official name is how it is listed in reference material) |
Body system | what system of the body does a drug affect |
Class of agent | What class is the drug |
mechanism of action | how does this drug work on the body |
actions, pharmacokinetics, indications | physiological action of the drug, reasons why drug is given |
contraindications/interactions | reasons why not to give a drug |
Dosage | amount/range of amount of drug to give based on indications/age/weight of patient |
Route of administration | how to deliver specific medications |
Plant sources | Alkaloids (ie:atropine, morphine)
Glycosides (ie:Digitalis)
Gums (ie:xanthan-used as a suspending agent)
Oils (ie:eucalyptus) |
Animal sources | oxytocin, insulin, some vaccines, some birth control |
Mineral sources | Iodine, calcium, iron, sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulphate |
Synthetic sources | Lidocaine, diazepam, demerol, |
Microorganisms | some antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomyocin |
Teratogenic | any agent that interferes with or alters the normal development of a fetus with results that are evident at birth |
Polypharmacy | unwanted duplication of drugs- common in elderly patients that have multiple medications |
Therapeutic Index | comparison of the amount of medication that causes the therapeutic effect with the amount that causes toxic effect |