Term | Definition |
Laissez-faire | idea that the government should not intervene in the economy or with market forces |
Edwin Chadwick | British reformer on sanitation; Proved disease was related to filth, lack of drainage, sewers, and garbage collection |
miasmatic theory of disease | Disease caused by noxious odors of decay and excrement |
germ theory of disease | Diseases caused by specific living organisms |
Louis Pasteur | helped prove germ theory in his studies on beer fermentation |
Joseph Lister | devised antiseptic principle; hands and instruments should be sterilized before surgery |
Robert Koch | 1st to isolate bacteria; aided in development of vaccines |
Napoleon III | French leader who commissioned urban re-design of Paris in 1860s and 1870s |
Georges Haussmann | urban re-designer of Paris |
labor aristocracy | term for highly skilled working class; construction bosses and foremen |
Moulin Rouge | famous dance hall in late 19th century Paris |
Henri de Toulouse Lautrec | physically deformed artist; depicted Parisian "underbelly" of prostitutes in his art |
separate spheres | idea that men worked outside the home and women worked in the home |
Sigmund Freud | said mental illness often had its roots in the REPRESSIVE nature of middle-class families |
Auguste Comte | He said science could solve SOCIAL problems; one of the founders of modern sociology |
Charles Darwin | He applied this scientific way of looking at the world to human origins, which was the traditional realm of RELIGION; wrote On the Origin of Species |
Herbert Spencer | one of the founders of the concept of social Darwinism |
Realism | Literary and artistic movement that said art should depict life exactly as it was |
Emile Zola | wrote Germinal about coalminers strike; most famous of realist authors |
Leo Tolstoy | wrote War and Peace, realist novel on Napoleonic invasion of Russia |
Gustave Courbet | most famous realist painter |