Term | Definition |
History | Outside influence on particpants during expt. over extended period of time |
Maturation | lengthy studies, changes in subjects overtime, caused by natural development |
Selection | Bias in selection/assigning to groups |
Instrumentionation | changes in the scoring procedure |
Statistical Regression | tendency for extreme scorers to move towards more typcial perfomance when retested |
Mortality | changes in group composition because some participants have left the study |
Multiple Treatment Inference | several treatments occur simultaneously |
Hawtorn Effect | Reactive effects of experimental arrangements, subjects aware of study and therefore alter behavior |
Experimenter Effect | Tendency of the individuals to improve simply because they are being treated (placebo effect) |
Internal Validity | prove treatment caused the different effect |
External Validity | generalizing the results to population |
Internal Reliability | Members of research team agree about what they see and hear, more than one observer confirming |
External Reliability | Can the study be replicated |
Narrative Study | Reports to the life of a single individual |
Case Study | Study of one particular phenomena with detailed in-depth data collection |
Grounded Theory | Developing theory grounded in research from the field |
Phenomenology | Describes the meaning for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a phenomenon ex. Terminally ill cancer patients |
Ethnography | focuses on entire culture group ex. swingers |
Harm to Participants | physical, emotional, psychological, risk to health |
Informed Consent | must be voluntary, consent has grey areas so researcher needs to be careful when asking for consent |
Invasion of Privacy | protect confidentiality and privacy |
Deception | people don't like to be tricked, but research sometimes requires it, debriefing helps to difuse tension |
Pre-Test Post-Test Control Group Design | R O O
R O X O |
Post-Test Only Control Group Design | R O
R X O |
Solomon Four-Group Design | R O X O
R O O
R X O
R O |
Pre-experimental One Group Pre-Test Design | A O X O |