Question | Answer |
Anything that takes up space and has mass | Mass |
Distinguishing characteristics of matter related to the physical relationships among the particles of matter | Properties |
Physical properties are measured _________ _________ the composition of the matter | WITHOUT changing |
Color, shape, density, odor, taste, conductivity, malleability, and ductility | Physical properties |
Related to how matter changes in the presence of other matter and are measured by a change in composition when a new substance is formed from the old one | Chemical Properties |
Examples of Chemical Properties | How easily something rusts, burns, rots, or decomposes |
Most electrically conductive metal | Silver |
Poor conductor of heat | wood |
Physically changes can often be ______ | reversed |
Solid to Liquid | Melting |
Liquid to Solid | Freezing |
Gas to Liquid | Condensing |
Liquid to Gas | Vaporizing |
Melting, freezing, condensing, and vaporizing are examples of | Physical Changes |
Chemical changes change the _____ of the matter | identity |
This kind of change cannot be reversed easily. | Chemical change |
Consist of one type of matter | Pure Substances |
Pure substances cannot be ____ into other kinds of matter by physical means | separated |
Made of atoms and are represented by symbols - cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means | Elements |
Two or more elements chemically bound together | Compounds |
Can be separated by physical means into two or more pure substances | Mixtures |
Show only one phase or appearance throughout | Homogeneous Mixture |
Have distinct regions called phases | Heterogeneous Mixtures |
The regions or layers within a heterogeneous mixture | phases |
Sugar water, air, cola | Homogeneous |
Granite, Italian dressing | Heterogeneous |
An element whose atoms do not combine with other atoms | Monatomic elements |
The monatomic elements: | Neon, Helium, Argon, Xenon, |
An element whose atoms bond into two-atom units | Diatomic |
The diatomic elements : | Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Florine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine |
Elements whose atoms bond into multi-atom units | Polyatomic Elements |
Element names are approved by... | IUPAC - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |
Made up of two or more different elements that have been chemically bonded together | Compounds |
The smallest individual units in many compounds. Made up of the same element or two different elements | Molecules |
Represent compounds and tell what type of element and how many atoms of each type of elements are in an individual unit of the compound | Formulas |
The ability to do work and it is related to the force that matter generates and the resulting actions of that force | Energy |
Possessed by objects that are moving or have the potential to move | Mechanical energy |
Heat energy | Thermal energy |
Particles move in a periodic way like waves | Sound/Acoustic Enegry |
Movement of charged particles | Electrical Energy |
Radiates from the sun | Radiant energy |
From the wind | Wind Energy |
From the sun | Electromagnetic Energy |
From the nucleus of an atom | Nuclear Energy |
Stored in chemical bonds | Chemical Energy |
Release energy and feel hot to the touch (like hand warmers) | Exothermic reactions |
Absorb energy and feel cold (ice pack) | Endothermic reactions |
The study of the flow of energy, the movement and conversion of energy | Thermodynamics |
Energy and matter can neither be created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to another | Law of Energy Conservation (AKA the First Law of Thermodynamics)(E=mc^2) |
During energy transformations, some energy changes to an unusable form | Second Law of Thermodynamics |
The measure of disorder or randomness in a system | Entropy |
Entropy _____ over time | increases |
Evenly spreading out particles over time through motion | Diffusion |
Energy of motion | Kinetic Energy |
Particles are in ______ motion | constant |
Kinetic energy depends on _____ and _____ | mass and velocity |
Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy = | Total Internal Energy |
The average kinetic energy of a system's particles | Temperature |
Thermal energy is the _____ of the kinetic energy of an object's particles | sum |
Thermal energy ___ related to the number of particles since more particles mean more heat energy | IS |
Temperature ____ related to the number of particles since it deals with how much the average is per particle | ISN'T |
The transfer of thermal energy between two objects | heat transfer |
The amount of heat transferred is determined by what two things? | The temperature difference and the mass of the hotter object |
Unit for energy | Joule |
The English unit for thermal energy | BTU (British Thermal Unit) |
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius | calorie |
1000 calories (used on food labels) | kilocalorie |
Freezing point of water is 0 and the boiling point is 100 | Celsius Scale |
Freezing point is 273 and boiling point is 373 - this includes the idea of absolute zero | Kelvin Scale |
The point at which all molecular motion stops (has NOT been reached | Absolute zero |
States that it is impossible to reach absolute zero | Third Law of Thermodynamics |
Why are Kelvins never negative? | Nothing is colder than absolute zero; therefore, nothing is cold enough to absorb the energy in order to reach a negative number |
Celsius and Kelvin scale have the ____ _______ between the degree points | same distance |
All matter is made of microscopic particles that are in constant motion | Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
If you add energy, the particles will ____ ___ | speed up |
Atoms, molecules, and ions are attracted to each other by what? | Electrical forces |
Have little energy - particles are in fixed positions - incompressible | Solids |
Atoms resist being squeezed together more | Incompressible |
More energy - ability to flow - near incompressible - do not have a fixed shape | Liquid |
High Kinetic Energy - move to fill space through diffusion - no fixed position - highly compressible - particles flow | Gases |
Formed when enough thermal energy is added to a gas, and the electrons of atoms are stripped away from the nucleus. | Plasma |
Plasma consists of electrons, ions, and neutral atoms traveling at extremely ____ speeds. | high |
Plasma can be found in... | the sun, thermonuclear fusion, neon signs, fluorescent lighting, and plasma screen TVs |
Plasma is the most ______ state of matter | common |
Sold to gas | Sublimation |
Gas to solid | Deposition |