Term | Definition |
Louis Sullivan | man who designed the first skyscraper |
Frederick Law Olmstead | spurred a movement to create planned urban parks in American cities |
Orville and Wilbur Wright | brothers who designed, built, and flew the first working airplane |
George Eastman | invented a more easily portable, film-based camera |
Booker T. Washington | founded the Tuskegee Institute; believed that vocational education of African Americans would later foster their full inclusion in American life |
W.E.B. DuBois | believed that educated African Americans should demand and receive full civil rights as their due |
Ida Wells | reporter and editor who pointed out and decried lynching in America as a means to terrorize African Americans |
poll tax | an annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote; often had the effect of disenfranchising poor black citizens |
grandfather clause | law the Southern white power structure used to keep blacks from voting; said that no one could vote whose grandfather had not been eligible to vote before Jan. 1, 1867 |
segregation | practice of separating white and black people in public and private facilities |
Jim Crow laws | laws designed to segregate white and black people |
Plessy v. Ferguson | Supreme Court case ruling that separation of races in public accomodations was constitutional if "equal" facilities were provided for each race |
debt peonage | a system binding laborers into slavery in order to pay off a debt to an employer |
Mark Twain | individual often referred to as America's first truly American author because of his distinctive style |