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Clinical Anatomy
Chapter 2: Abdomen
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| abdominal cavity | the space bounded by the dynamic musculoaponeurotic walls, diaphragm, undercover of the thoracic cage and continuous with the pelvic cavity; line with peritoneum and contains most digestive organs, spleen, kidneys and most of the ureters |
| abdominopelvic cavity | the combined and continuous abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| subcostal plane | horizontal plane which passes through the inferior border of the 10th costal cartilage on each side |
| transtubercular plan | horizontal plane passing through the iliac tubercles and the body of the L5 vertebra |
| midclavicular planes | vertical planes passing from the midpoints of the clavicles to the midinguinal points |
| midinguinal points | the midpoints of the lines joining the anterior superior iliac spines and the superior edge of the pubic symphysis |
| transumbilical plane | horizontal plane passing through the umbilicus and IV disc between the L3 and the L4 vertebrae |
| median plane | vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, dividing it into right and left halves |
| subcutaneous tissue | superficial fascia; lies deep to the skin and contains a variable amount of fat |
| superficial fatty layer | Camper's fascia; the more superficial layer of the subcutaneous tissue inferior to the umbilicus |
| deep membranous layer | Scarpa's fascia; the more deep layer of the subcutaneous tissue inferior to the umbilicus |
| investing fascia | deep and 3 layers (superficial, intermediate and deep); cover the external aspects of the three muscle layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall and their aponeuroses |
| endoabdominal fascia | membranous sheet of varying thickness that lines the internal aspect of the abdominal wall |
| transversalis fascia | endoabdominal fascia which lines the deep surface of the transverse abdominal muscle or aponeurosis |
| parietal peritoneum | lines the abdominal cavity and is located internal to the transversalis fascia |
| extraperitoneal fat | varying amount of fat that separates the transversalis fascia from the parietal peritoneum |
| external oblique | abdominal wall muscle; most superficial; fibers pass inferomedially and interdigitate with slips of the serratus anterior |
| inguinal ligament | the inferior margin of the external oblique that is thickened as an undercurving fibrous band that spans between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle |
| internal oblique | abdominal wall muscle; intermediate; fibers fan out so that its upper fibers are perpendicular and its lower fibers are parallel to the external oblique |
| transverse abdominal | abdominal wall muscle; innermost; fibers, except for the most inferior ones, run more or less horizontally |
| aponeurosis | the end of all three abdominal wall muscles; anterior; strong and sheet-like |
| rectus sheath | covering of the rectus abdominis formed by the aponeurosis between the midclavicular line and the midline |
| linea alba | midline raphe formed by interweaving aponeurosis that extends from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis |
| rectus abdominis | long, broad, strap-like muscle that is mostly enclosed in rectus sheath; fibers run between tendinous intersections |
| tendinous intersections | tendon-like structures in the rectus abdominis; located at the xiphoid process, umbilicus, and a level halfway between these points; each is firmly attached to the anterior layer of the rectus sheath |
| pyramidalis | small triangular muscle; lies in the rectus sheath anterior to the inferior part of the rectus abdominis; ends in the linea alba and tenses it; absent in 20% of people |
| arcuate line | demarcates the transition between the posterior rectus sheath covering the superior three quarters of the rectus abdominis proximally and the transversalis fascia covering the inferior quarter |
| contents of the rectus sheath | the rectus abdominis; pyramidalis; anastomosing superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins; lymphatic vessels; and the distal portions of the anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-T12, which supply the muscle and overlying skin |
| thoracoabdominal nerves | distal, abdominal parts of the anterior rami of the inferior six thoracic spinal nerves (T7-T12); have muscular branches and lateral and medial cutaneous branches; T7-T9 supply the skin superior to the umbilicus; T10 innervates skin around the umbilicus |
| anterior cutaneous branches | nerves that pierce the rectus sheath a short distance from the median plane, after the rectus abdominis muscle has been supplied |
| subcostal nerve | large anterior ramus of spinal nerve T12 |
| iliohypogastric and ilioiguinal nerves | terminal branches of the anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1 |
| superior epigastric artery | continuation of the internal thoracic artery; supplies the upper part of the rectus abdominis; anastomoses with the inferior epigastric artery |
| inferior epigastric artery | arises from the external iliac; runs superiorly and supplies the inferior portion of the rectus abdominis; anastomoses with the superior rectus abdominis |
Created by:
medevitt