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Speech Sci Test 2
Speech & Hearing Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does "Myo" mean? | Muscle; The vocal folds are comprised of muscle |
| What does the elastic" suffix stand fo? | Serves to remind us that the vocal fold is elastic and that we have active control over its elastic properties. |
| What does Aerodynamic mean? | The theory deals with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids and within the forces active on bodies in motion. |
| What does the Bernoulli forces cause? | The negative pressure causes the vocal folds to be sucked together, creating a closed air space below the glottis. Air pressure builds up under the closed folds. The folds are then blown out, opening the glottis & letting out puff of air. |
| Summarize the Bernoulli Effect. | Restriction & increasing velocity above restriction causes negative pressure bringing vocal folds back together. |
| What is the sound of the human voice comprised of? | It is nothing more than tens of hundreds of small puffs of air being released every second and filtered by the vocal tract. |
| How does air pressure at the level of the glottis become negative? | When you create increased velocity, pressure decreases negative pressure. |
| What is the One-Mass Model? | Vocal folds move in a uniform block: Vertical Phase Difference & Longitudinal Phase Difference. |
| How do the vocal folds move? | In a wave-like motion from bottom to top, with the bottom edge leading the way. |
| What does The Three-Mass Model add to the Aerodynamic Theory? | Adds biphase vibration to vocal folds |
| Describe the convergent glottal shape. | The bottom of the vocal folds are farther apart than the upper part. Positive pressure moves to negative pressure as you move up; more pressure. |
| Describe divergent glottal shape. | The airflow diverges when the lowermost parts of the vocal folds are closer together. Less pressure, more velocity. |
| In what way do vocal folds vibrate? | In a complex manner. |
| What does the Laryngeal Tone (glottal tone) consist of? | Fundamental frequency & harmonics. |
| The Fundamental Frequency corresponds to what? | Perceived pitch |
| The Harmonics contributes to what? | The quality of the voice. |
| Describe the term "acoustically". | Quality refers to to the relationship between the frequencies in a complex tone and their amplitudes. |
| Describe the word "quality". | Perceptually, quality refers to the timbre or tone of a sound. This is due to the amplitudes of the harmonics. |
| What is the Glottal Spectrum? | The Fundamental Frequency and Harmonics of the human voice can be visualized on a line graph. |
| What does the Glottal Spectrum represent? | A glottal tone at the level of the larynx. |
| What does the Glottal Spectrum show? | The Fundamental Frequency is the lowest tone/frequency, but has the highest amplitude. |
| What happens to the Harmonics as they increase in frequency? | They decrease in amplitude. |
| What is an octave? | A doubling or halving of frequency. |
| How do octaves work? | In a systematic way at a rate of 12dB per octave. |
| What happens to acoustic energy as frequency increases? | Acoustic energy decreases. |
| What is the result of acoustic energy decreasing as frequency increases? | There is more acoustic energy in the lower frequencies than in the higher frequencies. |
| How many harmonics are in the human voice? | There's about 40 harmonics in the human voice going up to about 4000 to 5000 Hz. |
| What happens when we alter the pitch of our voice? | It is the Fundamental Frequency we are manipulating by adjusting the Rate of Vocal Fold Vibration. |
| What does Harmonic Spacing change? | It changes the Complexity of the voice. |
| Lower Fo have more of what? | Lower Fo have more harmonics and are richer, and have more resonant quality. |
| Higher Fo have less of what? | Higher Fo have less harmonics (ex: children). |
| Why do the vocal folds not vibrate in a completely even, periodic manner? | Because they're made up of tissue. |
| What do small fluctuations in Frequency and Amplitude result in? | An almost periodic sound. |
| What is Jitter? | A.K.A: Frequency Perturbation. Timing variability between cycles of vibration. Horizontally across wave chart. |
| What is Shimmer? | A.K.A: Amplitude Perturbation. Variability of the Amplitude of each cycle. |
| What factors contribute to Jitter & Shimmer? | Neurologic,Biomechamic, Aerodynamic, & Acoustic. |
| What are some examples of Jitter & Shimmer? | Right & Left Vocal Folds may not be symmetrical; Variations in lung pressure, the articulators, movement of the larynx. |
| What does it mean when an individual has a lower than normal HNR? | They are demonstrating additive noise in the voice. This is the result of a problem vibrating the vocal folds in a normal fashion. This causes the vocal folds to vibrate in an aperiodic fashion. |
| What is Quality determined by? | How vocal folds vibrate & shape and configuration of vocal tract. |
| What is Hyperadduction? | Vocal folds are closed too tightly; Too much medial compression. Balance between muscular tension & pressure is upset. Takes more pressure to overcome the resistance of the VF & blow them apart. Resulting voice is tense. |
| What is Hypoadduction? | VF don't close as tightly as they should. |
| What are possible causes of Hypoadduction? | VF paralysis, not closing completely, too little muscle force. The VF don't offer enough resistance allowing air to escape from between the vocal folds. This loss of air creates a turbulence & adds to a breathy, noisy quality to the air. |
| What are some words to describe voice quality? | Hoarse, raspy, tinny, clear, harsh, etc. BUT, these terms don't describe how the VF are vibrating. |
| Is there a standard definition for normal voice? | NO. |
| What's missing in determining "normal voice"? | An agreed upon relationship between perceptually how the voice sounds and the physiological & acoustic contributors to the quality. |
| How is Normal Voice Quality usually defined? | As absence of a problem. |
| What did voice researchers, Colton & Casper, identify as issues with defining a normal voice? | No set standards; voice comes in many varieties (cultural, environmental & individual factors); It doesn't remain constant/ is a continuum (emotion, response to environmet, reflects state of health of mind & body); changes in a lifespan; no template. |
| What are Zemlin's 6 specifiable parameters of voice production that contribute to a normal, clear, vocal quality? | 1. Maximum Frequency Range; 2. Average Fundamental Frequency; 3. Maximum Phonation Time; 4. Maximum-Minimum Intensity of Various Fo levels; 5. Jitter; 6. Noise. |
| What is the Maximum Frequency Range? | The flexibility of pitch during conversational speech. |
| What's a normal adult frequency range? | 2-3 octaves |
| What is Average Fo? | Most comfortable frequency range. Average rate of vocal fold vibration during normal conversational speech. |
| What is Maximum Phonation Time? | Longest period an individual can sustain a vowel in one breath. |
| What's an adult's Maximum Phonation Time? | 15-25 seconds |
| What's a child's Maximum Phonation Time? | At least 10 seconds. |
| What causes problems with sustained phonation? | Inadequately valving the airstream for pitch. |
| What is the Maximum-Minimum Intensity at Various Fo? | Amount of pressure variation between frequencies. Normal: 20-30 dB SPL. |
| What is Jitter? | Nearly periodic vocal fold vibration. |
| What does more aperiodic vibration often result in? | Rough or hoarse sounding voice. |
| What is Noise? | Results from turbulent airflow generated from an obstacle that interferes with the vibration of the VF. |
| What is the Harmonic Energy like in normal voice? | In normal voice, the Harmonic Energy generated by the nearly periodic nature of the vibration is much higher than he noise. |
| In normal voice, why is there less energy at the higher frequencies? | It decreases with the harmonics. Per octave = decrease. |
| What is Additive Noise? | A spectrum that shows more energy at high frequencies is an indicator of noise. |
| What is Dysphonia? | The term used to describe abnormal Voice Quality. This is a voice that sounds deviant in terms of tone, pitch, and/or loudness. |
| What are 3 common terms used to describe Abnormal Voice Quality? | Breathiness, Roughness, & Hoarseness. |
| Describe a breathy voice. | Sounds aspirated. Continuous airflow during the entire vibratory cycle. Air leakage creates "hissing" noise along with glottal tone. Increased energy in the higher freq: above 5000 Hz. |
| Describe a rough voice. | Raspy sound; too much medial compression. |
| Describe a hoarse voice. | Combination of breathy & rough. Can be 1st sign of voice problem. Common symptom of most laryngeal disorders. |
| Acoustic characteristics of sound are characterized by what? | By where the Spectral Noise occurs. |
| Why does breathy voice result in limited intensity range? | Less subglottal pressure builds up when the VF don't close properly. A person uses 3-4 times more air per second. |
| Why is breathy voice associated with aging? | Deterioration of the vocal folds. |
| Why is hoarseness associated with abnormal vocal fold vibration? | More massive VF don't vibrate in a periodic manner. |
| What is the Spectral Noise in a hoarse voice? | It has increased energy in the lower frequencies between 100-2600 Hz. Less vibration = slower vibration = lower frequency. |
| What is the Harmonics to Noise Ratio (HNR)? | A proportion of the harmonic sound to noise in the voice measured in decibels. Quantifies the relative amount of additive noise in the voice signal. |
| What does higher HNR mean? | More harmonic components than noise. |
| What does lower HNR mean? | More noise than harmonic components. |
| What are some HNR norms? | Males: 15.63-17.3. Females: 15.38-19.1 |
| Is HNR for children and older adults lower or higher than young adults? | Lower. |
| What is an Electroglottography? | A.K.A: Laryngography or EGG. A way of evaluating vocal fold function noninvasively. Tissue is a good conductor of electricity & air is not. Electrodes are placed on the sides of the larynx. A high freq current is generated & sent to the electrodes. |
| What happens in Closed Vocal Folds? | Less air. Current easily passes from one electrode to the other; less resistance. Results in higher amplitude. |
| What happens in Open Vocal Folds? | More air. More resistance in passage of the current. Results in lower amplitude. |
| What is the change in resistance during Closed & Open phases of phonation displayed as? | A waveform on a screen = Lx Wave |
| An Lx Wave reflects what? | The surface area contact of the vocal folds. |
| An Lx Wave produces what? | A record of VF vibration during phonation. |
| What happens as the Vocal Folds close? | Resistance of electric current decreases and amplitude increases. |
| What happens as the Vocal Folds separate during vibration? | Resistance increases & amplitude decreases. |
| Is there an Lx Wave for voiceless sounds? | NO. |
| What does an Lx Wave measure? | Increase & decrease in electrical activity. Time & voltage. |
| What is the Duty Cycle of Vibration? | The phases of VF vibratory cycle: begin to close, maximally closed, begin to open, maximally open. |
| Each register can be associated with what? | A characteristic Lx Wave. |
| What does the standard Lx Wave refer to? | Modal Register |
| How does the slope compare in Closing & Opening phases? | Closing Phase has a steeper slope than Opening Phase. |
| How fast are the Closing & Opening Phases? | Closing is quick (due to negative pressure & elasticity). Opening is slower (due to build up of pressure). |
| Describe an Lx Wave for a Pulse Register. | Shows more than one peak per cycle. Biphasic/multiphasic closure pattern. Open, close slightly, open again, then close all the way & stay closed for most of cycle. Sharp, short pulses followed by long, closed glottal interval. Fewer cycles per sec. |
| Describe Falsetto. | Number of Lx cycles is increased. Waveform looks nearly sinusoidal. Reflecting the extreme tension on VF. |
| Describe a Breathy Lx Wave. | Like falsetto, but includes noise. |
| Describe a Hoarse Lx Wave. | Turbulent, aperiodic. |
Created by:
Anna Moses