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7.01

Organization of the nervous system, the brain, the spinal cords, the autonomic n

TermDefinition
afferent carrying towards a given point (such as the sensory neurons and nerves that carry impulses towards the CNS)
arachnoid mater the middle layer of the meninges
autonomic nervous system (ANS) the nervous system division that regulates involuntary activities and controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands; aka the visceral nervous system
axon the fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body
brain the nervous tissue within the cranium consisting of the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum
brainstem the part of the brain consisting of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
central nervous system (CNS) the brain and spinal cord
cerebellum the posterior portion of the brain that helps coordinate movement and maintain balance and posture
cerebral cortex the cerebrum's thin surface layer of gray matter
cortex the outer region of an organ
cerebrum the large upper portion of the brain divided into 2 hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) the watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord for protection
cranial nerves the 12 pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain
dendrite the fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses towards the cell body
diencephalon the part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland
dura mater the strong, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges
efferent carrying away from a given point (such as the motor neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS)
ganglion a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS
gray matter unmyelinated tissue of the nervous system
gyrus a raised portion of the surface of the cerebrum
hypothalamus the brain region that controls the pituitary gland and maintains homeostasis
interneuron any neuron between a sensory and motor neuron in a neural pathway
medulla oblongata the brain region that connects to the spinal cord and contains centers for controlling respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure
meninges the 3 membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
midbrain the part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons that contains centers for coordination of vision and hearing reflexes
motor producing movement; describes efferent neurons
myelin a whitish, fatty substance that surrouds some axons in the nervous system
neuroglia the support cells of the nervous system; aka glial cells
neuron the basic unit of the nervous system; aka nerve cell
neurotransmitter a chemical that transmits energy across a synapse
nerve a bundle of neron fibers outside of the CNS
parasympathetic nervous system the ANS section that reverses the response to stress and restores homeostasis by slowing heart rate and stimulating digestive, urinary, and reproductive responses
peripheral nervous system (PNS) the portion of the nervous system outside of the CNS
pia mater the innermost layer of the meninges
pons a rounded area on the brainstem that contains fibers that connect brain regions
reflex a simple, rapid, automatic response to a stimulus
root a branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord
sensory pertaining to the senses or sensation; describes afferent neurons
somatic nervous system the region of the nervous system that controls skeletal (voluntary) muscles
spinal cord the nervous tissue within the spinal column
spinal nerves the 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord
sulcus a shallow groove on the surface of the cerebrum
sympathetic nervous system the region of the ANS that mobilizes a response to stress by increasing heart and respiration rates plus delivering more blood to the skeletal muscles
synapse the junction between 2 neurons; also the junction between a motor neuron and a muscle or gland
thalamus the region of the brain that receives all sensory impulses (except for smell) and directs them to the proper cerebral cortex portion
tract a bundle of neuron fibers within the CNS
ventricle a small cavity
white matter myelinated tissue of the nervous system
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