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Biology Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Where is energy stored? | In chemical bonds of energy storing compounds |
| What happens when certain chemical bonds are broken? | Energy is released |
| What are the 4 main energy storing compounds? | ATP, NADH, NADP, FADH2 |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | Chief energy storing molecule used by organisms |
| What does ATP consist of? | 1 Adenine 1 Ribose 3 Phosphates |
| Adenosine | Adenine is bonded to the Ribose, they create one molecule called Adenosine |
| How does ATP release energy? | When the phosphate bond is broken, energy is created, that energy can then be used by the cell ( when one of the phosphate bonds is broken which creates Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)) |
| ATP is used in 3 different functions (HAM) | 1. Mechanical Functions (Ex. Cilia and Flagella) 2. Active Transport 3. Helps break down large molecules |
| How does the cell build new ATP molecules? | By attaching third phosphate to ADP molecules The energy to build this new bond comes from food that comes into the cell |
| How do organisms get energy? | By consuming some kind of food |
| What are the 2 types of organisms? | Autotrophs and Heterotrophs |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that can make their own food from carbon dioxide and an energy source like sunlight |
| What organisms are autotrophs? | Plants, Algae, and some Bacteria |
| What is another name for autotrophs? | Producers |
| An autotoph that doesn't get energy from the sun | Some bacteria deep underwater where the sun can’t reach are able to produce food from energy they get from inorganic compounds found around heat vents on the seafloor |
| Heterotrophs | Organisms that cannot make their own food, therefore they must rely on autotrophs or other heterotrophs for food |
| What organisms are heterotrophs? | Animals, fungi, and many unicellular organisms |
| What is another name for heterotrophs? | Consumers |
| The circle of life | Energy being passed from autotrophs to heterotrophs directly or indirectly |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which autotrophs turn sunlight into a usable form of energy |
| A small percentage of the sun’s energy is in the form of... | Visible light |
| Visible light appears as... | White light, but is actually a combination of all the colors |
| Pigments | Molecules that absorbs certain wavelengths of light, and reflects others |
| Autotrophs that perform photosynthesis contain chemicals called... | Pigments |
| Autotrophs require certain pigments to perform... | Photosynthesis |
| Chlorophyll | A photosynthetic pigment that absorbs violet,blue, and red (reflects green) primary photosynthetic pigment (Others are called accessory pigments) |
| Where do autotrophs store pigments? | In organelles called chloroplasts |
| Chloroplast | An organelle that performs photosynthesis |
| What is a chloroplast made up of? | Thylakoid, Grana, Stroma |
| Thylakoid | A disc-shaped structure that contains all of the pigments necessary for photosynthesis |
| Grana | A stack of thylakoids |
| Stroma | The gel that fills the rest of the space in the chloroplasts (kind of like the cytoplasm of the cell) |
| Photosystem | Inside the thylakoids, hundreds of chlorophyll molecules and other pigments organize into units called photosystems A photosystem is a light collecting unit in the chloroplast |
| What happens during photosynthesis? | Essentially the plant takes in water and sunlight and carbon dioxide, creates sugars, and releases oxygen as a byproduct |
| What are the 2 stages of Photosynthesis? | Light dependent reactions Calvin cycle |
| Light dependent reactions | 1.Photosynthesis begins when light is absorbed in the grana 2.Light energy splits the energy into oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons 3.Oxygen leaves the cell 4.ATP and NADPH are produced |
| The Calvin cycle | 1. ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions are used 2. CO2 enters the cycle 3. Sugar is produced 4. ATP is broken and ADP and P is produced 5. NADPH is broken down and NADP+ is produced |
| Why is sugar so important for autotrophs? | Autotrophs convert that sugar into ATP and use that energy to perform life processes like growth or reproduction |
| What happens if a plant does not use that sugar for energy immediately? | They will turn it into long-term storage in the form of starch |
| Cellular Respiration | The process used by all living organisms to break down glucose (sugar) to release energy. (photosynthesis builds the sugars) |
| 2 types of cellular respiration | Aerobic: requires oxygen Anaerobic: doesn’t require oxygen |
| 3 stages of aerobic respiration (GET) | 1. Glycolysis 2. The Krebs cycle (or Citric acid cycle) 3. Electron Transport |
| Glycolysis | Glucose is converted into Pyruvate This occurs in the cell’s cytoplasm outside of the mitochondria 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH are produced |
| The Krebs Cycle ( or citric acid cycle) | Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA This occurs in the Mitochondria 2 NADH, 6 FADH2, and 2 ATP are produced |
| Electron Transport | Energy from the NADH and FADH2 is transferred into ATP This requires oxygen 32 ATP are produced |
| How many ATP does Aerobic respiration produce? | 36 ATP from one molecule of sugar (Glucose) |
| What type of organisms use anaerobic respiration? | Some unicellular organisms, or in some cells of multicellular organisms (like muscle cells) |
| What does anaerobic respiration use? | Fermentation |
| Fermentation | The process of extracting energy from pyruvate in the absence of oxygen. |
| 2 types of fermentation | Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | During alcoholic fermentation there are 2 byproducts. Carbon dioxide and ethanol (alcohol) Produces 2 ATP Bakers use alcoholic fermentation of yeast to make bread |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | In lactic acid fermentation the pyruvate is converted into lactic acid Produces 2 ATP |
| Why do muscles hurt while excercising? | The cells cannot get enough oxygen because you can't breathe enough, and so they switch from aerobic respiration to anaerobic Feeling sore right after a big workout is often because of a lot of lactic acid build up in your muscles. |
| What happens with extra sugar in cellular respiration? | Plants converted into starch Animals convert it into glycogen or fat The extra sugar is broken down to make ATP The energy contained in these substances can be measured and expressed in units called “calories” |
Created by:
Brooklynite
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