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2nd 9-Weeks

2nd 9-Weeks DA 6th Grade Advanced Science Review 2020 - 21

Column 1	Column 2
TECTONIC PLATES	Huge pieces of lithosphere that slowly move on the asthenosphere & consist of the crust & the rigid, uppermost part of the mantle.
NORTH AMERICAN PLATE	Tectonic plate division of the lithosphere that includes the continental crust of Greenland, N. America, Siberia, & the surrounding oceanic crust.
EURASIAN PLATE	Tectonic plate division of the lithosphere, including most of the landmasses of Europe & Asia.
AFRICAN PLATE	Tectonic plate division of the lithosphere that includes the continental crust of Africa & the surrounding oceanic crust.
SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE	Tectonic plate division of the lithosphere that includes the continental crust of S. America & the oceanic crust extending to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN PLATE	Tectonic plate division of the lithosphere that includes the continental crust of India & Australia & the surrounding oceanic crust.
PACIFIC PLATE	Tectonic plate division of the lithosphere that's composed entirely of oceanic crust & lies beneath the Pacific Ocean.
ANTARCTIC PLATE	Tectonic plate division of the lithosphere that includes the continental crust of Antarctica & the surrounding oceanic crust.
DENSITY OF PLATES	Amount of matter in a given space or volume; oceanic crust is thinner, but denser than continental crust.
CRUSTAL ROCK MATERIAL	Crust can be either oceanic, which is thin & dense, or continental, which is thick & less dense.
PLATE BOUNDARY	Place where 2 different plates have contact.
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY	Occurs when 2 tectonic plates move toward each other & collide; "CON-" = WITH.
SUBDUCTION	Process in which a denser plate is pushed downward beneath a less dense plate when plates converge; occurs at continental to oceanic boundaries & oceanic to oceanic boundaries.
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS	Events in which molten rock spews out from the mantle to Earth's surface as ash, lava, & gases; major geological events that occur when a dense plate subducts below a less dense plate.
MOUNTAIN BUILDING	Major geological event that occurs when continental plates of equal density converge, resulting in mountain chains.
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY	Occurs when 2 tectonic plates move away from each other; "DI-" = TWO.
SPREADING RIDGES	Ridges formed from new crustal material at diverging oceanic plate boundaries.
OCEAN BASIN	Area of oceanic crust covered by seawater & surrounded by areas of continental crust.
TRANSFORM BOUNDARY	Occurs when 2 tectonic plates slide past each other.
EARTHQUAKES	Major geological events that occur when plates shift suddenly & release stored energy; frequent occurrences along all types of plate boundaries.
CELESTIAL OBJECTS	Objects such as planets, moons, & stars that are located in the sky or in space.
SYSTEM	Group of interacting or interdependent parts forming a complex whole; for example, all the factors or variables in an environment, or all the planetary bodies revolving around a star.
SOLAR SYSTEM	Sun together with the group of planets & other celestial bodies that are held by its gravitational attraction & revolve around it.
GRAVITY	Force that causes objects with mass to attract one another.
ORBITAL PATH	Gravitationally curved path of an object around a point in space.
SUN	Luminous celestial body around which Earth & other planets revolve & from which they receive heat & light.
STAR	Ball of gas in space that produces its own light & heat.
PLANET	Any of the large celestial bodies that revolve around the Sun in the solar system.
INNER PLANET	Any of the rocky, terrestrial planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, & Mars, whose orbits are inside the asteroid belt.
ROCKY	Made of rocks.
TERRESTRIAL	Earth-like; "Terra-" = Earth
OUTER PLANET	Any of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, & Neptune, whose orbits lie beyond the asteroid belt.
ASTEROIDS	Large & small rocks or metallic masses orbiting the Sun; made up of materials similar to those that formed the planets.
ASTEROID BELT	Region between the inner & outer planets where most asteroids orbit around the Sun.
METEOROID	Natural chunk of rock or dust existing outside of Earth’s atmosphere.
METEOR	Small object that enters Earth’s atmosphere from space & burns due to friction, thus emitting light.
METEORITES	Remains of meteoroids that strike the surface of Earth or the Moon.
MOON	Celestial body that revolves around a planet.
COMET	Celestial body of ice, dust, & rock with an elongated & elliptical orbit.
COMA	Glowing, heated dust & vaporized gas that surrounds the icy comet nucleus as it travels near the Sun; solar winds cause heated gases to stream out of the nucleus & form a tail that points away from the Sun.
GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION	Force that pulls 2 objects towards each other; greater an object's' mass, the greater the attraction; further apart the objects, the weaker the attraction.
NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION	Law that says every object in the universe attracts every other object, & force is affected by mass & distance: greater the mass of an object, the greater the attraction; farther apart the objects, the weaker the attraction.
MASS	Amount of matter in an object; a body or object.
SIR ISAAC NEWTON	English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, & author who's widely recognized as 1 of the most influential scientists of all time, & a key figure in the scientific revolution; considered the founder of the concept for GRAVITY.
SPACE EXPLORATION	Investigation of physical conditions in space & on stars, planets, & other celestial bodies through use of satellites, space probes, or spacecraft w/human crews.
ROCKET	Engine that provides thrust directly through the burning of its fuel without requiring intake of air.
SPACECRAFT	Vehicle or device designed for travel or operation outside Earth's atmosphere.
SPACE SHUTTLE	Reusable spacecraft designed to transport people & cargo between Earth & space.
SPACE PROBE	Unmanned spacecraft designed to explore solar system & transmit data back to Earth.
ROVER	Vehicle for exploring surface of an extraterrestrial body (like the Moon & Mars).
SATELLITE	Object that orbits around another object, like a moon orbiting a planet or a human-made object orbiting Earth.
TELESCOPE	Instrument for viewing or detecting distant objects.
OBSERVATORY	Building or place given over to or equipped for observation of natural phenomena.
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION	Orbiting space satellite used for scientific & space research; construction began in 2001 with 16 other nations.
GALILEO GALILEI (1564 - 1642)	Father of modern science; made improvements to the telescope; discovered 4 largest moons of Jupiter, among many other scientific accomplishments.
ASTRONAUT	Person trained to be part of a spacecraft crew.
NASA	National Aeronautics & Space Administration; American governmental agency dedicated to space exploration.
OZONE LAYER	Gas in Earth’s atmosphere that absorbs most of the damaging high-energy ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION	Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by the Sun; can cause tanning, sun burning, & skin cancers.
SOLAR WINDS	Continuous stream of charged particles from the Sun, w/ variations in the stream causing beautiful aurora displays (northern lights), & geomagnetic storms that knock out power grids on Earth.
EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD	Magnetic lines of force from Earth’s polar north & south, acting like a giant magnet.
MAGNETOSPHERE	Area that deflects & traps harmful particles; resulting from an interaction of Earth’s magnetic field with solar “wind” (charged plasma) streaming from the Sun.
COMPOSITION	Combination of parts or elements that make up something; e.g., Earth's atmosphere is composed mostly of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), & trace amounts of CO2, ozone, water vapor, & other gases.
PROXIMITY	Nearness in space, time, or relationship; e.g., Earth's proximity to the sun allows it to maintain proper temperatures to sustain life.
SPACEWALK	An activity in which an astronaut moves around and does work outside a spacecraft while in space.
SPACESUIT	A complex system of garments that allow astronauts to work safely outside their spacecraft.
MICROMETEOROIDS	Tiny meteoroids traveling fast enough to damage spacecraft.
MICROGRAVITY	The condition in which people or objects appear to be weightless.
VACUUM	A volume of space mostly empty of matter, such as oxygen to breathe.
INNER CORE	Sphere of solid nickel & iron at the center of Earth; surrounded by liquid outer core.
OUTER CORE	Outer layer of Earth’s core; surrounds inner core; made of liquid nickel & iron.
MANTLE	Solid layer of Earth between the crust & core; made of dense silicates.
CRUST	Thin, solid outermost layer of Earth; made of less dense silicates; either continental (landmasses) or oceanic (ocean floors).
LITHOSPHERE	Cool, rigid, outermost layer of Earth that consists of the crust & uppermost part of the mantle; broken into pieces or segments called plates; litho = rock.
ASTHENOSPHERE	Solid layer with plasticity in upper mantle located just below the lithosphere; lithospheric plates “float” & move on this layer; astheno = weak.
PLASTICITY	Characteristic of the material in the asthenosphere; existing in solid state yet having the ability to flow without being a liquid.
EARTH'S LAYERS	Divisions of the composition of Earth determined by either chemical composition or by physical state of matter.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION	Types, quantities, & arrangements of elements that make up a substance.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES	Measurable characteristics that describe physical state of something, including mass, magnetism, temperature, density, shape, volume, & conductivity.
TEMPERATURE	Measure of the amount of heat energy.
STATES OF MATTER	Distinct forms of matter known in everyday experience: solid, liquid, and gas; also referred to as phases of matter.
PRESSURE	Force exerted on matter through contact with other matter; affects melting & boiling points.
DENSITY	Amount of matter in a given space or volume; relationship between mass & volume; less dense matter will form layers above more dense matter.
EARTH'S EVOLUTION	Process that formed & changed planet Earth from its beginning to the present.
MINERAL COMPOSITION	Unique combination of solid elements & compounds that make up a mineral.
ROCK CYCLE	Earth's rocks change from 1 type into another over time due to various Earth processes; changes occur in mineral compositions & physical structures.
IGNEOUS ROCK	Formed when lava or magma cools & solidifies; lava (above ground) cools quickly & forms rocks with small crystals, while magma (below ground) cools slowly & forms rocks with larger crystals.
LAVA	Molten rock or magma that has reached Earth's surface by volcanic action; characterized by small crystals due to rapid cooling on Earth's surface.
MAGMA	Melted or molten rock material beneath Earth's surface; cools slowly to form rocks with larger crystals.
METAMORPHIC ROCK	Formed deep underground where heat & pressure cause existing rocks to be changed in both mineral composition & structural characteristics.
HEAT and PRESSURE	Changing variables due to the weight of overlying rocks, causing changes to rock characteristics & mineral composition, thus forming metamorphic rocks.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK	Forms when particles of other rocks are deposited in layers & are compacted (crushed together), & cemented (binding of sediments).
COMPACTION	Occurs when rock particles or sediments are pressed together or packed down by gravity & the pressure of overlying rock layers.
CEMENTATION	Occurs when compacted sediments stick together & turn into rock.
Element	Pure substance composed of the same type of atom throughout.
Periodic Table of Elements	Table in which all the known elements are arranged by properties & are represented by 1 or 2 letters, referred to as chemical symbols.
Lithosphere	Rigid outer layer of Earth made up of the uppermost part of the mantle & crust; litho = rock; sphere = globe
Hydrosphere	All of the water on Earth; hydro = water; sphere = globe
Biosphere	Sum of all living matter, made of a limited number of elements including oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, & phosphorus; bio = life; sphere = globe
Atmosphere	Layer of gas surrounding planet Earth, held in place by gravity; composed of a limited number of elements, primarily nitrogen & oxygen; atmo = air; sphere = globe
Matter	Anything that has mass & takes up space.
Properties	Physical & chemical characteristics of matter used to describe or identify a substance.
Mixture	Combination of 2 or more substances which do not chemically combine.
Uniform Composition	Made of the same evenly distributed substance or combination of substances throughout; uni = one
ENERGY	Ability of a system to do work; required for changes to happen within a system.
ENERGY RESOURCE	Source or supply of energy that can be used to generate electrical power to meet people's needs.
RENEWABLE ENERGY	Energy resource such as trees or wind that is replaceable by natural means.
NONRENEWABLE ENERGY	Energy resource that takes millions of years to form from the remains of plants & animals; examples include fossil fuels and nuclear energy.
FOSSIL FUEL	Natural nonrenewable fuel such as coal, oil, or natural gas formed over a very long time in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
COAL	Hard, black solid fuel formed from the remains of plants over millions of years & extracted from the ground; nonrenewable fossil fuel.
PETROLEUM (OIL)	Flammable, yellow-to-black liquid composed of hydrocarbons occurring naturally beneath Earth's surface; nonrenewable fossil fuel processed to make gasoline used in vehicles.
NATURAL GAS	Gas, usually found in the ground positioned above petroleum deposits, that's burned to obtain energy; nonrenewable fossil fuel.
NUCLEAR POWER	Energy harnessed from the decay of uranium atoms.
BIOMASS	Material derived from living things; renewable energy source.
WIND ENERGY	Turbines harness the movement of air & convert it to usable energy; renewable energy source.
HYDROPOWER	Renewable source of energy based on the natural movement of water.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY	Heat transferred from beneath the Earth's surface & used to produce renewable energy for human use.
SOLAR RESOURCES	Sun's energy is collected & converted to usable energy; renewable energy resource.
POLLUTION	Presence of harmful or unwanted levels of material in the environment.
LANDFILL	Disposal site for solid waste.
GREENHOUSE GASES	Gases in the atmosphere that trap heat within the atmosphere.
ECOREGION	Relatively large area characterized by distinctive plant & animal communities, climate, & ecological features.
TOPOGRAPHY	Description of land surface area with reference to elevation variations.
WEATHERING	Mechanical or chemical processes that break rock into smaller pieces.
SEDIMENT	Earth material broken down by processes of weathering; can be eroded & deposited by agents of water, wind, ice, & gravity.
EROSION	Process by which water, ice, wind, & gravity remove & transport sediment from 1 place to another.
DEPOSITION	Process by which gravity, water, wind, & ice deposit weathered & relocated sediment.
CANYON	Deep gorge in the Earth, typically 1 with a river flowing through it.
SAND DUNE	Hill of sand near an ocean or in a desert formed by the wind.
RIVER DELTA	Landform made of sediment deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake.
GLACIER	Large mass of moving ice and snow on land.
VALLEY	Area of low land between hills or mountains.
ICE WEDGING	Process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks then freezes & expands.
HOODOO	Column of weathered rock with a capstone on the top.
PLAINS	Large area of flat land with few trees.
WATERSHED	Area of land where surface water & groundwater drain into a particular body of water separated from each other by drainage divides.
DRAINAGE DIVIDE	Geographical barrier, such as a ridge, hill, or mountain, separating 1 watershed land area from another.
SURFACE WATER	Water from precipitation that drains into a gully that flows into a stream, which then flows into a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, or ocean.
GROUNDWATER	Water that collects in cracks & pores in underground soil & rock layers.
WATER TABLE	Top of the saturation zone, below which water fills all open spaces between the rock.
ZONE OF AERATION	Upper portion of soil & rock that can be temporarily filled with water as the water enters the ground, but then moves deeper.
SATURATION ZONE	Below the water table where all spaces not filled with solid material fill with water.
AQUIFER	Layer of permeable rock that allows water to flow through.
PERMEABLE ROCK	Allows water movement to flow through the material; opposite of impermeable.
SUBSIDENCE	Sunken land surface due to underlying compression of earth material as a result of the removal of groundwater.
POINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION	Single identifiable & localized source of water pollution, such as waste-water discharge into a stream.
NON-POINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION	Pollutants introduced into surface or groundwater that are without a specific location source, such as water flowing over a lawn that has been fertilized & then into a drain.
PERCOLATION	Downward movement of water through soil & rock due to gravity.
IMPERMEABLE ROCK	Rock that does not allow liquid to flow through it.
RECHARGE ZONE	Area of the Earth's surface from which water percolates down into an aquifer.

Created by: trauberk

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2nd 9-Weeks

2nd 9-Weeks DA 6th Grade Advanced Science Review 2020 - 21

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