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Chapter 15
Phylogenies and Classifying Diversity
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| taxonomy | the science of classifying organisms based on the features they share |
| taxonomist | a scientists who classifies an assigns scientific names to organisms |
| protozoan | a protist that ingests food and usually lives in water |
| algae | a protist that makes its own food and usually lives in water |
| euglena | a protist that makes its own food |
| amoeba | a protozoan that moves by pushing our parts of its cell |
| dysentery | a disease of the intestines |
| pseudopod | a part of some one-celled organisms that sticks out like a foot and moves the cell along |
| slime mold | a protist that lives as an individual cell, then joins other similar cells to form a community that produces spores |
| spore | a reproductive cell of some organisms |
| mold | a fungus that grows quickly on a surface |
| hyphae | threadlike fibers containing membranes and cytoplasm |
| mycelium | the underground feeding network of a fungus |
| lichen | An organism that is made up of a fungus, a green alga and a cynobacterium |
| cynobacterium | a blue-green algae |
| seed | a plant part that contains a beginning plant and stored food |
| fern | a seedless vascular plant |
| moss | a nonvascular plant that has simple parts |
| gymnosperm | a nonflowering seed plant |
| angiosperm | a flowering seed plant |
| vascular plant | a plant that has tubelike cells |
| vascular tissue | a group of plant cells that form tubes through which food and water move |
| xylem | the vascular tissue in plants that carries water and minerals from roots to stems and leaves |
| phloem | the vascular tissue in plants that carries food from leaves to other parts of the plant |
| mycorrhiza | a close relationship in which a fungus and the roots of a plant live together and help each other |
| nonvascular plant | a plant that does not have tubelike cells |
| rhizoid | a rootlike thread of a moss plant |
| alternation of generations | a life cycle of mosses, algae, and some protists that alternates between a haploid phase and a diploid phase |
| sporophyte | in alterations of generations, the diploid individual or generation that produces haploid spores |
| gametophyte | In alternation of generations, the phase in which gametes are formed; a haploid individual that produced gametes |
| frond | a large, feathery leaf of a fern |
| sori | the clusters of reproductive cells on the underside of a frond |
| fossil fuel | the fuel formed millions of years ago from the remains of plants and animals |
| conifer | a cone-bearing gymnosperm |
| stamen | the male organ of reproduction in a flower, which includes the anther and filament |
| pistil | the female organ of reproduction in a flower |
| stigma | the upper part of the pistil on the tip of the style |
| nectar | a sweet liquid that many flowers produce |
| pollination | the process by which pollen is transferred from the stamen to the pistil |
| germinate | to start to grow into a new plant |
| heterotroph | an organism that cannot make its own food |
| multicellular | made up of many cells |
| blastula | a hollow ball of cells formed by cell divisions of a zygote |
| phylogeny | the origin and evolution of a species |
| cnidarian | a group of invertebrates, including jellyfish, corals and hydras |
| radial symmetry | an arrangement of body parts that resembles the spokes on a wheel |
| tentacle | an armlike body part of cnidarians that is used to capture food |
| flatworm | a simple worm that is flat and thin |
| bilateral symmetry | a body made of left and right halves that are the same |
| roundworm | a worm with a smooth, round body and pointed ends |
| segmented worm | a worm whose body is divided into sections |
| mollusk | an invertebrate that has three body parts |
| radula | a tongue like organ covered with teeth that is used for feeding |
| arthopod | a member of the largest group of invertebrates; this group includes insects |
| crustacean | a class of arthropods that includes crabs, lobsters, crayfish, and pill bugs |
| arachnid | a class of arthropods that includes spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks |
| exoskeleton | an external skeleton |
| molting | the process by which an arthropod sheds its exoskeleton |
| metamorphosis | a major change in form that occurs as some animals develop into adults |
| complete metamorphosis | the changes in form during development in which earlier stages do not look like the adult |
| incomplete metamorphosis | the change in form during development in which earlier stages look like the adult |
| endoskeleton | an internal skeleton |
| tube foot | a small structure used by echinoderms for attachment and movement |
| chordate | an animal that, in its embryo stage, has a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, and a tail that goes past the anus |
| cartilage | a soft material found in vertebrate skeletons |
| vertebra | one of the bones or blocks of cartilage that make up the backbone |
| dorsal | the back part of an animal |
| notochord | a rod found in the back of a chordate embryo |
| pharyngeal slit | an opening in the wall of the pharynx of a chordate embryo |
| myxini | a class of fish with a cartilage skeleton and no jaws or scales; hagfish |
| cephalaspidomorphi | a class of fish with a cartilage skeleton and no jaws or scales; lamprey |
| chomdrichthyes | a class of fish with a flexible skeleton made of cartilage |
| gill | a structure used by some animals to breathe in water |
| osteichthyes | a class of bony fish with jaws and scales |
| operculus | a protective flap over gills that allows a fish to breathe without swimming |
| swim bladder | a gas-filled organ that allows a bony fish to move up and down in water |
| larva | the immature form of an animal that looks different from the adult form |
| amniotic egg | the egg of a vertebrate that lives on land |
| cold-blooded | having a body temperature that changes with the temperature of the surroundings |
| ectotherm | an animal whose main source of body heat is its environment |
| warm-blooded | having a body temperature that stays the same |
| endotherm | an animal that created its own body heat through metabolism |
| marsupial | a mammal with a pouch |
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