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bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The condensed chromosomes observed in mitosis include all of the following structures except | ribosomes |
| In a nucleosome, what is the DNA wrapped around? | histones |
| Which of the following statements concerning the eukaryotic chromosome is false? | the number of genes on each chromosome is different in different cell types |
| Why do histones bind tightly to DNA? | histones are positively charged, DNA is negatively charged |
| Which of the following statements is true? | Heterochromatin is highly condensed, whereas euchromatin is less compact |
| Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure to: | expressing diff genes |
| In vertebrates, programmed cell death is essential for all of the following except: | normal triggering of the signal transduction pathways |
| Which of the following involves apopotosis? | A gonad begins as an undifferentiated organ that can form either an ovary or a testis. The formation depends on the hormonal signals that control the growth of some cells and the death of others. |
| One diff btw development in plants and dev. in animals involves pattern formation bc | pattern formation is continuous in plants and limited to early development in animals |
| If you were to observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect it to: | have turned off or slowed down the process of transcription |
| Genomic imprinting, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation are all examples of: | epigenetic inheritance |
| Approx what proportion of the DNA in the humane genome codes for protein or functional RNA? | <2% |
| Two potential devices that eukarayotic cells use to regulate transcription are DNA ____ and histone ____ | methylation; acetylation |
| In eukaryotes, transcription is generally associated with | both euchromatin and histone acetylation |
| Eukaryotic cells control gene expression by which of the following mechanisms | histone acetylation of nucleosomes, dna methylation, enzyme modifcation of chromatin structure: A, B, C |
| A ______ binds to a site in the DNA far from the promoter to stimulate transcription | activator |
| A _____ can inhibit transcription by blocking the binding of positively acting transcription factors to the DNA | repressor |
| The site in the DNA located near the end of the final exon, encoding an RNA sequence that determines the 3' end of the transcript is a | terminator |
| Which of the following is not a mechanism whereby a proto-oncoge is converted to an oncogene? | methylation of bases |
| Which of the following events is(are) necessary for the production of a maligant tumor | both A and B |
| One of the unique characteristics of retrotransposons is that | translation of their RNA transcript prodcues an enzyme that converts the RNA back to DNA |
| Reverse transcriptase may be present in cells that have not been infected by a retrovirus because of the presense of | retrotransposons |
| Multigene families made up of identical genes almost always code for | RNA products |
| What do pseudogenes and introns have in common? | The are not expressed, nor do they code for functional proteins |
| General transcription factors | bind to other proteins or to a sequence element within the promotor called the TATA box |
| During DNA replication.. | methlyation of the DNA is maintianed bceuase mathylation enzymes act at DNA sites |
| Which of the following is(are) involved in embryonic development? | A, B, and C cell divison, cell differentiation, morphogensis |
| One striking diff btw development in plants and dev in animals is that in plant dev | growth and morphogenesis continue thru the life of the plant |
| What is the term for the physical processes that give rise to the shape of an organism? | morphogenesis |
| The perpetually embryonic regions of plants responsible for continual growth and formation of new organs are called the | apical meristems |
| Genomic equivalence refers to the | fact that all the somatic cells of an organism have identical genomes, regardless of their state of differentiation |
| The process of cellular differentiation is a direct result of | differential gene expression |
| The fact that plants can be cloned from somatic cells demonstrates that | differentitated cells retain all the genes of the zygote |
| Nuclear Transplantation refers to | cloning method involving the transfer of a nucleus from a differentiated cell into an enucleated egg cell or zygote |
| In cloning, the ability of a transplanted nucleus to support development | is inversely related to the age of the donor |
| A cell that remians entirely flexible in its development possibilities is said to bee | totipotent |
| Despite extensive success in cloning defects happen bc | the epigenetic features at the chromatin in differentiated donor nuclei are not completely erased in the cloning process |
| In animals, embryonic stem cells differ from adult stem cells in that | embryonic stem cells are totipotent and adult stem cells are pluripotent |
| In most cases, differentiation is controlled at the level of | transcription |
| Which of the following serve as sources of developmental info? | a and b only |
| The gene for which protein would most likely be expressed as a result of MyoD activity? | Myosin |
| The general process that leads to the differentiation of cells is called | determination |
| Which of the following is least related to the others"? | bacterial transformation |
| Which of the following is established prior to fertilization in Drosophilia eggs? | the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes |
| The product of the bicoid gene in Drosophilia provides essential info about | the anterior-posterior axis |
| Mutations in the _____ lead to transformations in the identity of entire body parts | homeotic genes |
| These genes are expressed by the mother, and their prodcuts are deposited into the developing egg | egg-polarity genes |
| The term homeobox refers to | a specific nucleotide sequence present within certain genes that regulate development |
| Which part of the plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? | root hairs |
| A person working w plants may remove apical meristerm dominance by doing what | pruning |
| Land plants are composed of all of the following except | mesodermal |
| Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following except: | cambium cells |
| Which functional plant cells lack a nucleus? | xylem and sieve-tube cells |
| What are long, thin tapered cells within lignified cell walls that function in support and permit water to flow thru pits? | sclerenchyma |
| Living cells that lack nuclei and ribosomes, they transport sugars and other organic nutrients | sieve cells |
| The least specialized plant cells, which serve general metabolic, synthetic, and stroage functions | parenchyma |
| Mature cells without protoplasts with thick, lignified secondary walls that may or may not function in transport | sclerenechyma |
| THe fiber cells of plants are a type of | sclerenchyma |
| The vascular bundle in the shape of a singal cylinder in a root is called the | stele |
| The photosynthetic cells in the interior of a leaf are what kind of cells? | parenchyma |
| THe best word to describe grwoth of plants in general: | indeterminate |
| Which of the following is true about secondary growth in plants? | Secondary grwoth is prodcued by both the vasuclar cambium and the cork cambium |
| THe driving force that pushes the root tip thru the soil is due primarily to | elongation of cells behind the root meristem |
| Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to | cell elongation localized in each internode |
| Axillary buds | develop from meristermatic cells left by the apical meristem |
| WHich of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function? | pericycle-waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots |
| WHich of the following illustrates the idea that the fate of a cell is a direct result of its position? | A, B, and C |
| Which of the following root tissues give rises to lateral roots? | Pericycle |
| Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called | stomata |
| What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree? | secondary xylem |
| WHich of the following is true of bark? | it forms annual rings in deciduous trees |
| The polarity of a plant is established when | ....the zygote divides |
| Organisms that can exist with light as an energy source and an inorganic form of carbon and other raw materials | are called photoautographs |
| Which type of organism obtains energy by metabolizing molecules produced by other organisms? | B and C (heterotrophs & decomposers) |
| WHich of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? | ADP, Pi, and NAPH+ |
| What is the primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis? | the produce ATP and NADPH |
| Where does the Calvin cycle take place? | Stroma of the chloroplast |
| A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of light are not being absorbed by this pigment? | red and yellow |
| DUring photosynthesis, visible light has enough energy to | B and C only excite electrons, split a h20 molecule into hydrogen and oxygen |
| For figure: | other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a |
| What wavelength of light is most effective in driving photosynthesis? | 420mm |
| The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem is known as P700 bc | this pigment is best at absorbing ligh with a wavelength of 700nm |
| Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are true? | Chlorophyll(and other pigments) absorb light energy, which excites electrons |
| Which statement regarding events in the functioning of photosystem II is false? | the P680 chloropgyll donates a pair of protons to NADPH, which is thus converted to NADP+ |
| All of the following are directly associated with photosystem I except | harvesting of light energy by chlorophyll |
| What are the prodcuts of noncyclic photophosporalation? | ATP and NADPH |
| What does cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produce? | A and B ATP and NADPH |
| In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located? | inner mitocondrial membrane |
| Which of the following statements best describes the relationship btw photosynthesis and respiration? | photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, which respiration releases it |
| Where is the electron transport chain found in plant cells? | thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts |
| Of the following, what do both mitrochondria and chloroplasts have in common? | B and C only chemiosmosis and atp synthase |
| Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? | stroma of the chloroplast |
| What is the primary function of the calvin cycle? | synthesize simple sugars from co2 |
| Which of the following are required for the calvin cycle? | a b and c co2 atp and rubp |
| Which statement is false? | ruBP is produced during cyclic electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| One CO2 molecule reacts in each turn of the calvin cycle. how many turns are required for the synthesis of one glucose molecule? | 6 |
| WHat are the substrates for the enzyme RuPH carboxylase? | CO2 and O2 |
| Active Transport involves all of the following except the | slow movement thru the lipid bilayer of a membrane |
| Like many plant processes, transport of various materials in plants at the cellular level requires all of the following except | specific memrbane proteins |
| Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane proton pump? | equalizes the charge on each side of a membrane |
| Which of the following is an example of osmosis? | both a and c flow of water out of a cell flow of water between cells |
| The amount and direction of movement of water in plants can always be predicted by measuring which of the following? | water potential(y) |
| WHich of the following has an affect on water potential(y) in plants? | a b and c air pressure, water-attracting matrices dissolved solutes |
| Which of the following statements is false about bulk flow? | it depends on the force of gravity on a column of water |
| Which of the following statements about xylem is incorrect? | it transport mainly sugars and amino acids |
| Which of the following would likely NOT to contribute to the surface area available for water absoprtion from the soil by a plant root system? | endodermis |
| In plant roots, the Casparian strip is CORRECTLY described : | it ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass thru a cell before entering the cells |
| All of the following describe an important component of the long distance transport process in plants EXCEPT: | endodermis casparian strip |
| A water molecule could move all the way thru a plant from soil to root to lear to air and pass thru a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure> | the endodermis |
| The follolwing factors may sometimes play a role in the movement of sap thru a xylem. WHich one depends on the direct expenditure of ATP by the plant? | concentration of ions in the symplast |
| What is the main cause of guttation in plants? | root pressure |
| What is the main force by which most of the water within the xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree? | evaporation of water thru stoma |
| In which plant cell or tissue would the pressure component of water potential most often be negative? | stem xylem |
| Transpiration in plants requires all of the following EXCEPT: | active transport thru xylem cells |
| Guard cells do which of the following? | help balance the photosythesis-transpiration compromise |
| All of the following normally enter the plant thru the roots EXCEPT: | carbon dioxide |
| THe water lost during transpiration is an unfortunate side effect of the plants exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of | evaporative cooling, mineral transport, increased turgor(A,B,C) |
| THe opening of the stomata is thought to involve | an increase in the osmotic concentration of the guard cells |
| Which of the following is a CORRECT statement about sugar movement in phloem? | movements can occur both upward and downward in the plant |
| Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because | sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making it HYPERTONIC |
| THe products of meiosis in plants are always which of the following: | Spores |
| Which of the following is the correct sequence during alteration of generations in a flowering plant? | Sporophyte-meiosis-gametophyte-gametes-fertilization-diploid zygote s-m-g-g-f-dz |
| All of the following are features of angiosperms EXCEPT | a small(reduced) sporophyte |
| Based on studies of plant evolution, which flower part is NOT a modified leaf? | receptacle |
| A mutation in which of the following floral parts would have the greatest potential impact on fertilization? | stamen, carpel (c or d) |
| Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower? | sepals-petals-stamens-carpels |
| A perfect flower is fertile, but may be either complete or incomplete. Which of the following correctly describes a perfect flower? | it has both stamens and carpels |
| In flowering plants, pollen is released from the | anther |
| Where does meiosis occur in flowering plants? | megasporocyte and microsporocyte |
| WHich of these is INcorrectly paired with its life-cycle generation? | anther-gametophyte |
| Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of events in a pollen sac? | microsporocyte-meiosis-microspores-mitosis-2haploidcells per pollen grain |
| In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent? | embryo sac-female gametophyte |
| Within the female gametophyte, three mitotic divisons of the megaspore produce | three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, two synergids |
| What is the relationship btw pollination and fertilization in flowering plants? | pollination brings gametophytes together so that fertilization can occur |
| As flowers develop, which transition does NOT occur? | the tube nucleus becomes a sperm nucleus |
| A fruit includes | one or more seeds, fleshly cells rich in sugars |
| In angiosperms products of the terminal cell become the | proembryo and cotyledons |
| What is the embryonic root called? | radicle |
| Which of these structures is unique to the seed of a monocot? | coleoptile |
| Fruits develop from | ovaries |
| In plants, which of the following could be an advantage of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction | genetic-variation |
Created by:
cdonie05