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CD 2301 Phonetics
Exam 1 study guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sagittal plane | imagine a vertical plane that runs through your body from front to back or back to front. This plane divides the body into right and left regions. (Permits lateral view) |
| lateral | away from the axis or midline |
| frontal/coronal Plane | imagine a vertical plane that runs through the center of your body from side to side. This plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions. (permits anterior-posterior or A-P view) |
| anterior | toward the front or away from the back |
| posterior | toward the back, or away from the front |
| transverse plane | imagine a horizontal plane that runs through the midsection of your body. This plane divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) regions. |
| medial | toward the axis or midline. |
| distal | away from the body or free extremity |
| proximal | toward the body or root of a free extremity |
| phoneme | basic sound segment with linguistic function of distinguishing morphemes. |
| allophone | one of the sound variants within a phoneme class, often used in a specified phonetic context; a phonetic variant of a phoneme. Two of these of the same phoneme never contrast to produce two different morphemes – so they do not have a linguistic function. |
| grapheme | (alphabetic letters) “c, f, m, r, b, p, v, h;” a unit in the writing system of a language |
| morpheme | the minimal unit of meaning - or – smallest unit of language that carries semantic interpretation. |
| phonetic symbol | placed in brackets to represent allophones or phonetic variants of phonemes, such as [ ]. |
| fundamental frequency of voice | the basic rate of vibration of the vocal folds; the physical correlate of vocal pitch; the rate of vocal fold vibration. High fundamental frequency is associated with high pitch and vice versa |
| Hertz | how we describe fundamental frequency; the unit of frequency measurement; One Hz is one complete cycle of vibration per second. 20 Hz is 20 complete vibrations per second, which is the lower range for the human ear. |
| intonation | the pattern of fundamental frequency and sound duration in speech; used to mark sentences as declarative or interrogative, place emphasis or stress on certain words, or signal emotions and attitudes. |
| breath group | the sequence of words or syllables produced on a single expiration; the sequence of syllables and/or words produced on a single breath |
| laryngeal system | the system of speech production identified anatomically with the larynx and functionally with control of phonation and voicing |
| egressive | associated with outflowing air; _________ sounds are formed from an outflowing airstream all sounds in English are normally produced with a flow of air that moves outward from the lungs. Produced from the expiratory phase of respiration. |
| expiratory | air movement traveling out from the lungs during respiration |
| ingressive | associated with inflowing air; ________ sounds are formed from an inflowing airstream; some languages include sounds produced with an inward flow of air. Produced from inspiratory phase of respiration. |
| inspiratory | air movement travelling into the lungs during respiration |
| phonetics | the study of the production and perception of speech sounds. In our case, speech sounds in the American English Language; the study of how speech sounds are produced and what their acoustic properties are. |
| clinical phonetics | the application of phonetics to describe speech differences and disorders, including information about speech sounds and the perceptual skills used in clinical settings. |
| suprasegmental | pitch, volume, that overlay the speech sound |
| system complexity (vertical axis) | each of the 3 systems used in clinical phonetics is appropriate in certain situations for assessing & managing individuals with communication disorders |
| two-way scoring | a perceptual system in which speed sound productions are dichotomized into two classes representing typical versus atypical behavior (e.g. correct vs. incorrect, right vs. wrong, etc.) |
| five-way scoring | a perceptual system in which speech sounds are classified as typical versus one of four error types: an addition, deletion (or omission), a substitution, or a distortion |
| linguistic complexity (horizontal axis) | divides speech into 4 linguistic contexts of increasing linguistic complexity; the context in which a sound to be transcribed is embedded, which may range from a sound in isolation to a sound occurring in conversational speech |
| responses complexity | the number of target sounds to be transcribed, which may from from only one sound to all sounds occurring in a selection of speech; depending on the situation, the clinician will need to perceptually score or transcribe either one or multiple sounds. |
| deletion | a speech production error in which a sound is omitted (also termed an omission) |
| substitution | a speech production error in which a speech sound is replaced by another speech sound |
| distortion | a speech production error in which a speech sound is recognizable as the correct sound but is not produced exactly correctly |
| addition | when a sound is added to a word; a speech sound error in which a sound is incorrectly added (before or after) to another sound |
| speech | defined as both the pattern of the movements of the speech organs and a pattern of acoustic vibration; a mode of language expression based on sounds emitted through the mouth and nose. |
| speech community | people who live close together in a geographic area and communicate in a common language; a group of people who live within the same geographic boundaries and use the same language |
| dialects | within countries, speakers differ from others of the same language in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary or grammatical construction. |
| regional dialects | dialects based upon characteristics of people who live in certain groups; a pattern of language usage that is shared by people living in a particular geographic region; a language may have several of these |
| General American English (GAE) | what we as Americans speak |
| idiolect | speech pattern that identifies us as an individual and is determined by being a member of our speech community, regional background, social class and various other individual factors and personal experiences |
| lexicon | list of morphemes in a language; an inventory of the morphemes in a language |
| dictionary | an inventory of the words in a language, usually together with their meaning |
| morphemics/morphology | the study of morphemes; a subfield of linguistics |
| morphemic transcription | a way to address the complexity as a written record of morphemic content of utterances and can be used to analyze a language sample of a child; a written account of the morphemic content of a language sample |
| morphemic contrasts | the sounds represented by the above graphemes are phonemes of the English language and are identified by their role |
| minimal contrasts | the contrasts between two morphemes that differ in only one sound segment |
| phonology | the study of sound systems of language - the structure and function of sounds in languages. |
| phonetics two areas | Articulatory Phonetics Acoustic Phonetics |
| articulatory phonetics | the branch of phonetics that deals with how sounds are formed; also called physiological phonetics |
| acoustic phonetics | the branch of phonetics that deals with the acoustic properties of sounds; acoustics is a subfield of physics that deals with the generation and transmission of sound |
| minimal pairs | word pairs resulting from a change to one phoneme are called this (pill/bill, tube/cube, etc.): however, the phoneme is not a single, invariant sound |
| free variations | can be exchanged for one another in a given phonetic context; "pop" with and without aspiration |
| complementary distribution | not normally exchanged for one another in phonetic context - or the conditions of occurrence of another phoneme; "key, kit, cape, cat" are made toward the front due to the vowels but "coo, cook, coat, cot" are more backed |
| morphs | individual morpheme-like shapes in a language sample; most are morphemes |
| phone | any particular occurrence of a sound segment of speech |
| neologisms | newly coined words often introduce derivations; for example (workaholic). "Work" = morpheme, "ic" = morpheme, but "ahol does not |
| alphabet | set of letters or characters used for writing of a language; a system of written symbols used to express a language |
| diagraphs | a sequence of two or more alphabet characters that represent a single sound (path, phone, etc.) |
| clusters | a sequence of 2 or more alphabet characters that represent 2 or more sounds they are clusters (slide, string, etc.) |
| initial | the location at the beginning of a word; the first position or segment in a word |
| medial | the location at the middle of a word; a middle position or segment in a word |
| final | the location at the end of a word; the last position or segment in a word |
| releasing and arresting | terms representing the location in a syllable |
| releasing | another name for syllable-initial sounds; they begin the syllable |
| arresting | another name for syllable-final sounds; they stop the syllable |
| prevocalic | the consonant before a vowel |
| postvocalic | the consonant after a vowel |
| open syllables | do not end in consonants (law, see, throw) |
| closed syllables | syllables ending in a consonant (lot, seep, throat) |
| syllable | unit of spoken language comprised of nucleus (usually a vowel) with optional initial & final margins (typically a consonant) |
| onset | initial margin or releasing consonant |
| coda | final margin or arresting consonant |
| syllabary | phonetic writing system using symbols to represent syllables rather than individual sounds |
| superior | upper |
| inferior | lower |
| 3 systems of speech production | 1. Respiratory 2. Laryngeal 3. Supralaryngeal |
| respiratory system | the part of speech production mechanism consisting of the lungs, rib cage, abdomen, and associated muscles; acts a pump to provide the movement of air for speech production and consists primarily of: lungs rib cage abdomen associated muscles |
| larynx | the "voice box" of speech; a structure made up of cartilage, muscles, and other tissues in the neck; "voice box" is mostly cartilage and muscles and is situated on top of the trachea and below the pharynx and serves to valve the airstream from the lungs |
| trachea | air pipe connecting the lungs with the larynx |
| vocal folds | small cushions of muscle inside the larynx |
| glottis | space between the vocal folds |
| pitch | determined by the rate of vibration of the vocal folds; the bigger the pipe and vocal folds the lower it is |
| supra | a morpheme meaning above |
| supralaryngeal system | part of the speech mechanism lying above the larynx; the system of speech production consisting of the pharnygeal, oral, and nasal structures |
| supralaryngeal system components | 1. Pharyngeal 2. Oral 3. Nasal |
| pharynx | lying directly above the larynx is a muscular tube called this |
| pharyngeal cavity | the space between the division of the oral and pharyngeal cavities and the entrance to the larynx; its anterior boundary is the root of the tongue, and its posterior boundary is the pharyngeal wall |
| velum or soft palate | described as a hanging door or one of the "valves" Its position directs the air flow through the oral or nasal cavity (or allows for both) |
| oral radiation of sound | in words where the velum is raised the entire time; transmission of sound through the oral cavity (rather than through the nasal cavity) |
| articulators | the structures used in the process of articulation (tongue, teeth, lips, etc.) |
| lingual or lingua | tongue |
| labial | lips |
| velar | velum |
| alveolar | alveolar ridge |
| dental | teeth |
| nasal radiation of sound | in words where velum is lowered and the entrance to the nasal cavity is open; transmission of sound through the nasal cavity (rather than through the oral cavity) |
| velopharyngeal port | opening between the oral pharyngeal and nasal cavities; the opening between the oropharynx and the nasal cavity, which can be closed to prevent the nasal transmission of sound |
| mandible | lower jaw; contribute to the tongue and lower lip, both of which are supported by the jaw |
| temporomandibular joint | jaw has a hinge-like motion made possible by joints close to the ear; allows the jaw to rotate and slightly forward and backward to allow for mandibular protrusion and retrusion |
| tongue | a muscular organ with no internal skeleton |
| five functional parts of the tongue | 1. Body 2. Tip 3. Blade 4. Dorsum 5. Root (or Base) |
| body of tongue | primary bulk or mass of tongue; used to describe vowel articulation; vowel in heat is high-front |
| tip of tongue | the forwardmost portion of the tongue, visible upon protrusion of the tongue from the mouth; also the apex; visible when it protrudes between the lips; very important in articulation of consonants |
| blade of tongue | just behind the tip; constricts for the "sh' sound; used for few sounds, but shapes tongue for others; the portion of the tongue that is located behind the tip and in front of the dorsum |
| dorsum of tongue | the portion of the tongue located between the root and the blade; also "back" of tongue; used for making the "k, g, ng" sounds; depending on sound/word being said, it makes contact with hard and soft palate |
| root of tongue (base) | the long segment of tongue that forms the front wall of the pharynx; doesn't make contact for English consonants but shapes vocal tract for vowels and consonants; also important in swallowing |
| lips | contribute to articulation primarily by opening and closing, rounding and protruding |
| broad transcription | phonetic transcription that uses phonemes exclusively and does not indicate finer variations such as those marked by diacritics |
| narrow (close) description | includes symbols to represent both the speech sounds produced and symbols slight variations in the productions of those sounds |
| phonetic transcription | a visual representation of speech sounds, typically accomplished with the symbols of the International Phonetic Association (IPA). The main symbols represent individual phonemes or allophones and transcriptions also may include marks for sound |
| phonetic transcription (continued) | modifications, stress level, and other aspects of speech |
| target sound | the sound to be transcribed, as it occurs in isolation or together with other speech sounds |
| allograph | any one alphabet letter or combination of letters that represents a particular phoneme; one may be represented (spelled) by several different ones many different letters or combinations of letters that represent the same phoneme. |
| allograph (example) | /c/ - “ship, sugar, tissue, machine, creation, precious” and “anxious.” (sh, s, ss, ch, ti, ci and x). |
| complementary distribution (textbook) | a term used to describe two or more allophones of a particular phoneme that occur in mutually exclusive phonetic contexts |
| diacritic mark | a special symbol used to modify a phonetic symbol to indicate a particular modification of sound production |
| dialect (textbook) | different usage patterns within a langauge; speakers of one _________ may or may not easily understand speakers of another ___________ of the same langauage |
| free variation | a term used to describe allophones that may be exchanged for one another in a particular phonetic context |
| germinates | sounds that occur together as a pair, such as the two k sounds in bookeeper or the two s sounds as in gas supply |
| minimum contrast (textbook) | a sound segment distinction by which two morphemes or words differ in pronunciation; basic to the discovery of phonemes in a language |
| morphology | that part of linguistics concerned with the study of morphemes, the meaning-bearing elements of a language |
| phoneme (textbook) | a basic speech segment that has the linguistic function of distinguishing morphemes (the minimal units of meaning in a language |
| sign language | a system of communication that uses manual symbols, such as hand positions, postures, and movements to express language |
| articulator | an anatomic structure capable of movements that form the sounds of speech; the primary __________(s) are the tongue, jaw, lips, and velopharynx |
| mandible | the lower jaw, the bony structure that provides skeletal support for the tongue and lower lip |
| nasal cavity | the space between the nares (nostrils) and the entrance into the pharynx |
| oral cavity | the space between the lips and the entrance to the pharynx |
| root of tongue - base (textbook) | the part of tongue that reaches downward from the dorsum of the tongue to the epiglottis and larynx |
| soft palate | the soft-tissue structure that articulates to open or close the velopharynx |
| temporomandibular joint (textbook) | the hinge joint by which the jaw, or mandible, attaches to the temporal bone of the skull |
| thoracic cavity | the chest cavity, containing the lungs, heart, and other organs |
| trachea | the "windpipe" that connects the lungs with the larynx, or "voice box" |
| velum | the soft palate, especially its muscular portion; articulates to open or close the velopharynx |
| vocal folds | the paired cushions of muscle and other tissue that vibrate within the larynx to produce the sound of voicing |
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