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Social Statistics

Chapter One

TermDefinition
Statistics a set of procedures used by social scientist to organize, summarize, and communicate
Data information represented by numbers, which can be the subject of statistical analysis.
Research Process a set of activities in which social scientists engage so that they can answer questions, examine ideas, or test theories.
Research Process (Five Stages) 1. Asking the research questions. 2. Formulating the hypotheses 3. Collecting data 4. Analyzing data 5. Evaluate the hypotheses
Empirical Research research based on evidence that can be verified by using our direct experience.
Theory an elaborate explanation of the relationship between two or more observable attributes of individuals or groups.
Hypothesis a tentative answer to a research problem.
Variable a property of people or objects that takes on two or more values.
Exhaustive there should be enough categories composing the variables to classify every observation.
Mutual Exclusiveness there is only one category suitable for each observation.
Unit of Analysis the level of social life on which social scientist focus. Examples of different levels are individuals and groups.
Dependent Variable the variable to be explained (the "effect")
Independent Variable the variable expected to account for (the "cause" of) the dependent variable.
To establish that two variable are casually related, you need to meet what three conditions? 1. The cause has to precede the effect in time 2. there has to be an empirical relationship between the cause and the effect 3. this relationship cannot be explained by other factors
To demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship, you need to show three things: 1. the enactment of the "three strikes and you're out" measure was empirically associated with a decrease in crime 2. the reduction of crime actually occurred after the enactment of this measure 3. the relationship between the reduction is not due to th
Dependent Variables 1. always the property that you are trying to explain; it is always the object of the research
Independent Variable 1. usually occurs earlier in time than the dependent variable 2. often seen as influencing, directly or indirectly, the dependent variable
Nominal Measurement numbers or other symbols are assigned to a set of categories for the purpose of naming, labeling, or classifying the observations.
Ordinal Measurement numbers are assigned to rank-ordered categories ranging from low to high
Interval-ration Measurement measurements for all cases are expressed in the same units
Dichotomous Variable a variable that has only two values.
Discrete Variables have a minimum-sized until of measurement, which cannot be subdivided. example: family (1,2,3 children but not 2.5)
Continuous Variables do not have a minimum-sized unit of measurement; their range of vales can be subdivided. example: measurement (1 in., 2 in., 2.5 in.,)
Reliability measurement yields consistent results each time it is used. example: Do you APPROVE or DISAPPROVE of President Obama's job performance? instead of, What do you think of President O's performance?
Statistical Procedures can be divided into two major categories: 1. Descriptive Statistics 2. Inferential Statistics
Population the total set of individuals, objects, groups, or events in which the researcher is interested.
Sample a relatively small subset selected from a population.
Descriptive Statistics procedures that help us organize and describe data collected from either a sample or a population.
Inferential Statistics the logic and procedures concerned with making predictions or inferences about a population from observations and analyses of a sample
Created by: ecozean
 

 



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