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Psych 241- Test 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cephalocaudal Development | growth goes from top to bottom |
| Proximodistal Development | growth goes from center of body towards the extremities |
| Lateralization | specialization of a function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other |
| Integration | neural connections strengthen |
| Differentiation | neural connections organize |
| Blooming | large amount of synaptic growth |
| Pruning | use it or lose it |
| SIDS | Infant stops breathing, usually at night, dies without apparent cause |
| Moro Reflex | When startled, throws body & limbs outward |
| Palmer Reflex | Grasps tightly when hand is touched |
| Babinski Reflex | Fans out toes when foot is touched |
| Tonic Neck Reflex | Clenches fists and turns head to right when placed on its back |
| Habituation | decreased responsiveness to stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus |
| Visual Preference | look at objects different lengths of time, prefers human face the most |
| Visual Cliff | drop off covered by glass, newborns don’t crawl, recognize glass at 3-4 months |
| Assimilation | concept of using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences |
| Accommodation | concept of adjusting existing schemes to fit new info and experiences |
| Imitation | ability biologically based, can imitate facial expressions within days of birth |
| Object Permanence | idea that even though they can’t see the object it still exists, begins at 8 months |
| Symbolic Representation | child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (between 2-4 years of age) |
| Attention | the focusing of mental resources on select information |
| Crying | language that appears at birth |
| Cooing | language that appears at 3-5 months |
| Babbling | language that appears at 5-7 months |
| Gesture | physical form of language that appears 8-12 months |
| One-Word Speech | language that appears at 1 year |
| Telegraphic Speech | language that appears at 18 months |
| Child-Directed Speech (CDS) | language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences |
| Overextension | tendency to apply a word that is inappropriate for the word’s meaning |
| Underextension | tendency to apply a word too narrowly |
| Behaviorist Theory of Language Development | argued language is chains of responses acquired through reinforcement |
| Language Acquisition Device (LAD) | Noam Chomsky, humans are biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and way |
| Reflexive Smile | does not occur in response to a stimulus, during first month after birth, usually during sleep |
| Social Smile | smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, occurs as early as 2 months |
| Stranger Anxiety | begins 6-9 months, fear and wariness of strangers |
| Separation Protest | crying when the caregiver leaves |
| Goodness of Fit | refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope |
| Trust vs. Mistrust | Sensitive, responsive, consistent care promotes trust |
| Social Referencing | reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation |
| Secure Attachment | low anxiety and low avoidance |
| Avoidant Attachment | low anxiety and high avoidance |
| Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment | high anxiety and low avoidance |
| Disorganized-disoriented Attachment | high anxiety and high avoidance |
| Strange Situation (Ainsworth) | assesses stranger anxiety and separation anxiety by seeing if the presence of the caregiver provides security and confidence |
| Self-Concept | image of ourselves |
| Personal Agency | “I can do that” |
| Self-Efficacy | The belief that on can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. “I’m great at that.” |
| Reciprocal Socialization | children socialize parents just as parents socialize children |
| Scaffolding | infant experiences turn-taking with the parent |
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