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| an inflammation of a joint or joints | arthritis |
| a tough, flexible connective tissue found in humans and animals | cartilage |
| tailbone; the lowest section of the vertebral column, consisting of four separate vertebrae in infants but fused into a single bone in adults, that serves as an attachment for various muscles and as a shock absorber | coccyx |
| a sudden, painful, involuntary contraction of the muscle that can result from a temporary shortage of ATP in the muscle cell | cramp |
| the portion of the skull which encloses and protects the brain | cranium |
| a tough, translucent sheath of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle and binds it togeth; also called epimysium | fascia |
| fontanel-the tough membranes that connect the bones of an infant's skull together, made up of fibrous connective tissue; the fontanels are responsible for the infant's 'soft spots' on their head. | fontanel and suture |
| a break or crack in a bone | fracture |
| hypertrophy-the enlargement of an organ or tissue; specifically, the enlargement of muscles through use | hypertrophy and atrophy |
| a place whre two bones join together, or articulate | joint |
| a goup of muscle cells connected to a single motor nerve | motot unit |
| an individual skeletal muscle cell | muscle fiber |
| the awareness of body movements and of the location of body parts that results from proper coordination between the muscular and nervous systems | muscle sense |
| a state of slight tension in a relaxed muscle in which a small percentage of muscle fibers are contracted even when the muscle is at rest; keeps muscles from sagging, gives flesh its proper firmness, and keeps muscles "ready for action" | muscle tone |
| the point at which a motor nerve connects to a muscle cell | neuromuscular junction |
| the process of bone growth and development in which a cartilaginous form of a bone is replaced by collagen-reinforced hydroxyapatite crystals | ossification |
| osteoclasts-"bone destroyer"; a type of cell found in bone tissue that removes old bone materials to make room for new | osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
| the bones of the shoulder, consisting of the shoulder blades (scapulae) and the collarbones (clavicles) | pectoral girdle |
| small bones that form the segments of the fingers and toes | phalanges |
| red fibers-muscle fibers that contain many mitochondria and large amounts of myoglobin | red fibers and white fibers |
| a disease in which the bones are weak and deformed, caused by a lack of vitamin D | rickets |
| a cavity or hollow space, such as the air cavities of the skull that seve to make the skull lighter and give it its characteristic vocal quality | sinus |
| a clear, water-based lubricant, resembling egg white in appearance and consistency, that lubricates a freely movable joint | synovial fluid |
| tendon-a "cable" of tough fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone | tendon and ligament |
| the bones of the chest: includes the ribs and sternum | thoracic cage |
| the chief structural member of the body, also known as the spine, spinal column, or backbone,; the vertical pillar of vertebrae located in the back that supports the body and protects the spinal cord | vertebral column |
| the principle that bones adjust their shapes to the physical stresses placed upon them | Wolff's law |
