| Term |
Definition |
| Louis XIV | Convinced his people he ruled by divine right and even possessed magical qualities. As a result he gained huge sums of money to entertain him and his court. |
| Absolutism | One model of state building where one ruler claimed sole and uncontestable control. |
| Constitutionalism | A system in which the ruler had to share power the parliaments made up of elected representatives. |
| The Fronde 1648-1653 | A series of revolts against Louis XIV which posed an unprecedented threat to the French crown. |
| Cardinal Mazarin | He acted in the place of Louis XIV when he was young and took constitutional power away from the parlements and caused a number of revolts to take place. |
| The Sun King | Louis called himself the _____ _____, after the Greek God Apollo, to increase his prestige. |
| The marquise de Maintenon | Louis XIV mistress whom he secretly married after his wife’s death. |
| Jansenists | Catholics whose doctrines and practices resembled some aspects of Protestantism. |
| Revoking of the Edict of Nantes | In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the ______ of _______and eliminated all the Calvinist’s rights. |
| Bureaucracy+
| A network of state officials carrying out orders according to a regular and routine line of authority. Louis XIV relied on them to represent his will in each region. |
| Mercantilism | Governments must intervene to increase national wealth by whatever means possible. |
| Jean Baptiste-Colbert | A minister in Louis’s bureaucracy, he began the new economic doctrine of mercantilism. |
| Frederick I | The leader of Bradenburg-Prussia, he succeeded in bringing all of the German states into one absolutist state and convinced the Emperor to grant him the title “King in Prussia.” |
| Old Believers | A group who fought against the state-run church and protested the integration of Russian worship with Byzantine tradition. |
| Jan Sobieski | King of Poland-Lithuania, he tried to bring the country together by fighting the Turks, but could not stop the countries descent to powerlessness. |
| Charles I | King of England, he tried to exert his power over parliament and sent the country into a civil war. It pitted Puritans against Catholics and gave birth to democratic political and religious movements. |
| Petition of Right | The English Parliament forced Charles I to agree to not levy taxes without its consent. |
| Oliver Cromwell | The Puritans united under him to create the New Model Army and defeated the Cavaliers at Naseby in 1645. |
| Levellers | Made up of disgruntled soldiers, they wanted to level social distinctions by allowing common people to participate in Parliament. Charles rejected the Their demands. |
| Rump Parliament | A parliament without Presbyterians, it tried Charles I and killed him. It then abolished the monarchy and House of Lords, and set up a Puritan state with Cromwell at its head. |
| Lord Protector | Cromwell abolished the Rump Parliament and made himself ____ _____ as was regarded very highly in the eyes of English. He died in 1660, which brought the return of the Monarchy. |
| Charles II | came into power and promised “a liberty to tender consciences” in an attempt to extend religious toleration. He brought back Anglican beliefs in England. |
| Restoration | Brought back fear of French absolutism that was not unfounded, as Charles II was negotiating to work with Louis XIV. He also removed laws against Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his “Declaration of Indulgences.” |
| James II | Came into power after Charles II and was pro-Catholic and absolutist. |
| William and Mary | The Dutch rulers who gained the throne by invading England and defeating James II’ Catholic movement. |
| Bill of Rights | Passed by Parliament in which William and Mary agreed not to raise a standing army or raise taxes without Parliament’s consent. |
| Glorious Revolution | It was the victory of constitutionalism in England over absolutism in the rest of Europe with the agreement for Parliament to share power with the Monarchs. |
| Thomas Hobbes | An English philosopher whose famous 1648 book Leviathan set the agenda for nearly all subsequent Western political philosophy. |
| Leviathan | Thomas Hobbes famous book that argued for a social contract and rule by a sovereign. Chaos or war could only be avoided by a strong central government. This is one of the first books on the Social Contract Theory. |
| John Locke | An English Philosopher who argued a government could only be legitimate if it received the consent of the governed through a social contract and protected the natural rights of life, liberty, and estate. If such consent was not given, argued _______, |
| Tabula Rasa | A theory that individual human beings are born with no innate or built-in mental content, in a word, "blank", and that their entire resource of knowledge is built up gradually from their experiences and sensory perceptions of the outside world. |
| Sir Isaac Newton | Responsible for modern day calculus and improved upon heliocentrism. |
| Principia Mathematica | The book Newton wrote describing the three laws of motion by which everything in the universe is governed. |
| John Milton | English Puritan poet who published Areopagitica, describing the freedoms of the press. He also published Paradise Lost. |
| Classicism | Reflected the ideals of the art of antiquity and did not reflect the emotion of Baroque. It was the style of French painters, and focused paintings on the individual by putting them at the intersection of converging, symmetrical, and straight lines. |
| Rembrandt | A Dutch artist who painted ordinary people and made regular activities seem precious and beautiful. |
| Moliere | Wrote comedies of manners that revealed much about new aristocratic behaviour and manners. |
| Tartuffe | One of the most famous French playwrights of all time, he criticized religious hypocrites and had to be banned. |
