| Flap 1 |
Flap 2 |
| Function of Blood | Transportation, Regulation, Protection |
| Functions of Transportation | 02 nutrients to cells; wastes from cells to lungs, liver and kidnesy for excretion; heat away from cells; hormones |
| Functions of Regulation | pH through buffers; temperature through heat-absorbing & coolant properties of its H2O content and variable rate of flow through skin; water content of cells through dissolved ions and proteins (osmotic pressure) |
| Functions of Protection | Blood loss; foreign microbes & toxins |
| Average pH of blood | 7.4 |
| Blood composition | 45% formed elements & 55% plasma |
| Blood characteristics | 5 times more viscous & slightly heaver than H2O; temperature normally 38C; about 8% of total body weight |
| Ways for withdrawing blood | Venipuncture; figner stick & arterial stick |
| Venipuncture | Withdraw blood from vein |
| Finger stick | A drop or two of blood is removed from a finger, ear lobe or heel of foot |
| Arterial stick | Sample of blood taken from the radial artery (wrist) or femoral artery (groin) |
| Hematopoiesis | Formation of blood cells |
| 5 cell types that develop from hemoctyoblasts | Proerythoblasts, Myeloblasts, Monoblasts, Lymphoblasts & Megakaryoblasts |
| Proerythoblasts | Form erythrocytes |
| Myeloblasts | Form neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils |
| Monoblasts | Form monocytes |
| Lymphoblasts | Form lymphocytes |
| Megakaryoblasts | Form thrombocytes |
| Erythrocytes | Biconcave discs; 8mm in diameter; lack nuclei & cannot reproduce themselves; hB is 33% of cell weight |
| Erythropoiesis | Formation of RBC's only |
| Stages in development of RBC's | Hemocytoblast -> erythroblast -> reticulocte -> RBC |
| Sickle cell anemia | abnormal Hb molecule. Cells become sickle shaped when exposed to low oxygen concentration, block up tissues and organs. |
| Types of Anemia | Sickle cell, Hemorrhagic, Aplastic, Hypochromic; Hemolytic |
| Hemorrhagic | Due to loss of blood |
| Aplastic | Due to a defect in the red bone marrow resulting in a decrease in the production of RBC's |
| Hypochromic | RBC's are light colored because of decreased hemoglobin |
| Hemolytic | Rapid destruction of RBC's |
| Polycythemia | Abnormally high number of RBC's that increased the viscosity of th eblood, causing it to flow sluggishly. |
| Blood doping | Artificially induced polycythemia |
| How blood doping occurs | RBC's drawn off; Erythropoietin mechanism is triggered, quickly replacing lost RBC's; shortly before event, the stored RBC's is reinfused resulting in a temporary polycythemia; increased oxygen carrying capacity should result in greater endurance |
| Leukocytes | Transported by circulatory system but perform most of their work outside it. Leave blood vessels by diapedesis |
| Granulocytes | WBC's that have obvious granuels in their cytoplasm. Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils |
| Neutrophils | 54-62% of WBC's. Cytoplasm contains pink granules. Nucleus is 2-5 lobed |
| Eoxinophils | 1-3% of WBC's. Cytoplasm contains red granules. Nucleus is bilobed. |
| Basophiles | Less than 1%. of WBC's. Cytoplasmic granules stain dark blue. |
| Granules contain: | Histamine & Heparin |
| Histamine | Causes increased vasodilation and increased vascular permeability |
| Heparin | Anticoagulant |
| Agranulocytes | cytoplasm lacks conspicuous granules. Lymphocytes & Monocytes |
| Lymphocytes | 20-25% of WBC's Large round nucleus with little cytoplasm |
| Monocytes | 3-9% of WBC's. Larges of all WBC's. Bean shaped nucleus |
| Leukocytosis | WBC count > 10,000: indicates acute infection |
| Leukopenia | WBC count < 5,000; Seen in viral infections, flue, chicken pox, measles, & polio |
| Differential WBC Count | look at relative of WBC's |
| Plasma | Liquid portion of blood. Is 92% water with dissolved electrolytes/molecule |
| Functions of plasma | Transports nutrients & wastes; regulates fluid & electrolyte balance and regulation of pH |
| Three types of plasma proteins | Albumin, Globulins & Fibrinogen |
| Albumin | 60% of plasma proteins. Made in liver, function to maintain osmotic pressure, regulates water balance between blood & tissues. |
| Globulins | 36% of plasma proteins. Alpha & beta - made in liver; transports lipids & fat soluble substances through blood. Gamma - antibodies, made by the lymphatic system |
| Fibrinogen | 4% of plasma proteins. Functions in clotting |
| Inflammation | Localized response to trauma, heat, infections and chemicals. Occurs mainly in the CT |
| Funcitons of inflammation | Prevent spread of infections; destroy foreign substances & promote healing |
| Thrombus | A blood clot which forms in a vessel abnormally |
| Embolus | A clot or a piece of a clot which is moving through the blood. |
| Hemophilia | Hereditary - Males affected primarily. Several types, but all involve the absence of a clotting factor in the blood |
| Hematocrit | % of blood cells in a volume of blood |
| Hemoglobing (Hb) | the protein part of RBC's which contains Fe and is the molecule which carries oxygen |
| Clotting time | Time required for a blood to clot after it is removed from the body (3-8 minutes) |
| Bleeding time | Time for a small, sharp incision to stop bleeding (1-3 minutes) |
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) | Test where all of the following are looked at: HCT, Hb, RBC, WBC, differential WBC |
| Agglutination | The clumping of RBC;s following a transfusion |
| Agglutinogens | Antigens in RBC membranes |
| Agglutinins | Antibodies dissolved in the plasma |
| Blood typing | Involves identifying the agglutinogens that are present on a person's RBC's |
| Blood Type A | Protein: A; Antibodies: B; Transfusions: A & O |
| Blood Type B | Protein: B; Antibodies: A; Transfusions: B & O |
| Blood Type AB | Protein: A & B; Antibodies: Neither A or B; Transfusions: A, B, AB & O |
| Blood Type O | Protein: Neither A or B; Antibodies: Both A & B; Transfusions: Only O |
