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| digestive system | simply a "long tube" going through the body which has the sole purpose of extracting useful nutrients from ingested food and fluids. Tube called alimentary canal consisting of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intesting and large intest |
| amylase | chemical in mouth that breaks down starch (carb) as the first part of digestion |
| daily secretion of saliva and pH | 800 to 1500 ml; pH 6-7 |
| large parotid | salivary gland |
| mumps | viral desease of the parotid salivary gland |
| parotitis | inflammation of parotid gland |
| ptyalocele | cystic tumor of a salivary gland |
| how many taste buds and taste cells per bud | 4000 buds; 30-100 taste cells/bud |
| achalasia | lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) fails to relax |
| symptoms of achalasia | dysphagia, substernal pain, food remain in esophagus for hours |
| cuases of achalasia | abnormal parasympathetic stimulation, drinking cold liquids |
| management of achalasia | careful diagnosis to rule out heart problems; surgery or use of a special dilating balloon |
| hiatal hernia | protrusion of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm and into the thorax; sympoms include gastroesophageal reflux, dysphagia, heartburn, and epigastic pain |
| chyme | blus of food, saliva, and gastric juices |
| zymogenic cells | also known as chief cells; secrete pepsinogen which becomes pepsin which digests proteins |
| parietal cells | secrete HCl and intrinsic factor; HCl kills bacteria and converts pepsinogen; intrinsic factor allos the ileum of the small intestine to absorb vitamin B12 which is required for erythopoiesis (pernicious anemia if lacking in intrinsic factor) |
| pyloric sphincter | permits passage of chyme and prevents backflow of chyme |
| pyloric stenosis | narrowing of the pyloric sphincter cuased by enlagement of circular muscle fibers. The major symptom is projectile vomiting (more common in males) |
| 3 types of peptic ulcers | gastric, duodenal, and esophageal |
| peptic ulcer | HCl and pepsin eat away the lining of stomach, esophagus or duodenum |
| causes of ulcers | stress, poor eating habits, excess vagal stimulation, hypersecretion of HCl or pepsin, hypersecretion of adrenal corticoids, lack of mucus, presence of irritating chemicals in the GI tract (steroids, anti-inflammatoryagents,caffeine,alcohol,tobacco,aspiri |
| % of population with ulcers | 10 |
| treatement of peptic ulcers | surgery or diet or drugs |
| tagamet | treatment for peptic ulcers; blocks the H2 receptors in the stomach and decrease secretion of HCl |
| Helicobacter pylori | bacteria that may cause peptic ulcers |
| bacteria that may cause peptic ulcers | Helicobacter pylori |
| how to kill H. Pylori | three different antibiotics taken three times a day |
| vomiting | relaxation of cardiac sphincter and strong contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. cuased by toxic food, gagging, too much digestion, intense pain, dizziness, sight or smell of unpleasant things |
| pH of gastric juice | 2 |
| pH of urine | 5.7 |
| pH of sweat | 4-6.8 |
| pH of saliva | 6.4 |
| pH of breast milk | 7 |
| pH of blood | 7.4 |
| pH of pancreatic juice | 7-9 |
| length of small intestine | 20 feet |
| secretion of intestinal juice | 1-2 liters/day |
| pH of intestinal juice | 7.6 |
| what % of digestion takes place in small intestine | 90 |
| three divisions of small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| what breaks down proteins | peptidase |
| what breaks down carbs | arbohydrates |
| what breaks down fats or lipids | lipase |
| colon | large intestine |
| three divisions of large intestine | cecum, colon, anal canal |
| prevents backflow from large intestine into small intestine | ileocecal valve |
| four sections of colon | ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid (pelvic) |
| functions of large intestine | absorption of water and electrolytes from food materials, ftorage and expulasion of feces from digestive |
| peristalsis | parasympathetic constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or any other canal to move contents along |
| major laxatives | bulk (bran and fiber), lubricants (mineral oil), mineral salts (Mg; they are not absorbed so they increase the osmotic pressure of the fecal material), irritants (speed up rate of preistalsis |
| peritonitis | infection from burst appendix that spreads from the gut to the lining of the abdominal cavity |
| irritable bowel syndrom | called spastic colitis; caused by emotional stress |
| colostomy | abdominal exit is made for the colon |
| dysentery | inflammation of intestinal mucosa with bleeding and mucus discarge with the stools |
| liver | largest gland of the body, weighs 3 pounds |
| liver has lobules containig cells called hepatocytes that produce | bile |
| 8 functions of liver | 1produce bile2store iron and copper3store glucose as glycogen4synthesis, storage, and release of vitamins5make fibrinogen and prothrombin for clotting6phagocytosis of foreign material in blood7detox of drugs and alcohol in blood8make plasma proteins |
| cirrhosis | liver epithelium is replaced by connective tissue causing blockage of sinusoids (caused by alcohol or malnutrition) |
| hepatitis | inflammation of liver from viruses, protozoa, and bacteria, or by toxic materials |
| jaundice | yellow color of skin and mucous membranes due to excessive free bilirubin |
| gallbladder | stores, concentrates, releases bile |
| amount of secretion daily by gallbladder | 600-1000 ml/day |
| how much liquid can gallbladder store | 30-70 ml |
| cystic duct | from gallbladder to common bile duct |
| hepatic ducts | from liver to common bile duct |
| sphincter of ampull | from pancreas, liver and gallbladder into the duodenum |
| regulation of bile release (4 things) | 1presence of fat in si releases cholecystokinin from intestinal mucosa which passes via blood to gallbladder and stimulated gallbladder contraction2rhythmic contraction of gallbladder3peristaltic waves of duodenum relax sphincter of ampulla4vagal stimulat |
| gallstones | precipitation of cholesterol and bilirubin in bile; hyperconcentration is cuased by:1stasis of bile (too much absorption of water from bile)2high levels of cholesterol3inflammation of gallbladder |
| endocrine function of pancreas | secretion of insulin and glucagon into the blood |
| exocrine function of pancreas | secretion of digestive enzymes into the si in response to the presence of chyme in the upper si |
| amount of pancreatic fluid released each day and pH | 1200-1500 ml; pH of 7.1-8.2 |
| pancreatic juice enzymes | amylase, lipase, peptidases or proteolytic (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase), bicarbonate |
| trypsinogen s activated to trypsin by | enterokinase enzyme |
| nervous control of gastric secretion | increased parasympathetic activity, secretion, contraction , release of gastrin (hormone) |
| hormonal control of gastric secretion | gastrin is a hormone released by G cells in the stomach |
| what stimulates the secretion of gastrin | food entering stomach, partially digested proteins, alcohol, caffeine, histamine, calcium |
| gastrin causes the followin | increased gastric juice secretion and peristalsis |
| two hormones secreted by the si that regulate pancreatic secretion | secretin and cholecystokinin |
| secretin | secreted by S cells in SI because of drop in pH in duodenum b/c of too much acid; secretin travles in blood to pancreas which secretes bicarbonate |
| CCK cholocystokinin in pancreatic secretion regulation | released when proteins, fats, and fatty acids enter si. It stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes to aid digestion |
| CCK cholecystokinin in bile secretion | released from I cells in duodenum and upper jejunal mucosa when fats and proteins enter si. stimulates contraction of gallbladder and relaes of bile to digest lipids |
| anabolism | construiction of complex molecules from simple building blocks |
| catabolism | breaking down process |
| essential nutrients | cannot be formed in the body so they must be ingested. Ex: amino acids, vitamins, minerals |
| nervous tissue can only use what as energy source | glucose |
| breakdown of fats | fat-bile->fat globules-lipase->glycerol and fatty acids |
| breakdown of protein | protein->polypeptides->small polypeptides and aa->aa=amino acids |
| rate of transport of glucose into most cells in the body is greatly increased by | insulin |
| glycogen | form of storing glucose; many glucose molecules stuck together end to end |
| process of making glycogen from glucose is called | glycogenesis |
| glycogenolysis | breaking down glycogen to glucose molecules |
| glycolysis | splitting glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid |
| cell respiration | when O2 is present, the two pyruvic acid molecules are converted to 2 acetyl coenzyme A's by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation |
| krebs cycle | citric acid cycle; acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is degraded to CO2 and H atoms; occur in matrix of mitochondria; |
| electron transport chain | oxidation of hydrogen atoms |
| summary of ATP production | glycolysis 2+krebs cycle 2+electron transport chain 32=36 |
| % of caloried in our diet from fats | 40-45; in addition, an average of 20-50% of the carbs ingested are converted into fatty acids |
| when large quantities of fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA, 2 molecules of Acteyl CoA condense to from one molecule of | acetoacetic acid |
| can proteins be converted into acetyl CoA | yes |
