| TERM | INFO |
| Enlightened Absolutism | People need the direction of an Enlightened, absolute ruler |
| Cardinal Fleury | Louis XIV’s minister, who haltered the duke of Orleans’ good intentions |
| United Kingdom | Gov’ts of England and Scotland united |
| Pocket borough | one person controlled representatives from a borough(s) |
| Hanoverians | dynasty that didn’t really understand the British system |
| Robert Walpole | Prime minister of George I and II of Britain, who perused a peaceful foreign policy |
| Patriots | wanted democratic reform for more political participation – repressed |
| Junkers | Prussian landed aristocrats who dominated its army |
| Frederick the Great | Prussia - best educated & cultured monarch who believed in some freedom and complete religious toleration |
| Joseph II | Austria – eliminated serfdom with complete religious toleration and make 16k decrees and laws - philosophy was lawmaker of his empire |
| Emelyan Pugachev | Russian Cossack who succeeded in turning discontent into a mass revolt against Catherine the Great |
| Thaddeus Kosciuszko | led a filed Polish rebellion against Austria, Prussia, and Russia |
| Robert Clive | Helped the British to defeat the French in India |
| James Wolfe | Brilliant British general who won the two most different battles of the French & Indian War, Louisbourg and Quebec. |
| Cottage industry | rural families made cloth for capitalist-entrepreneurs |
| Enclosure | enclosed the many small fields as one – ended cooperative tradition |
| Richard Arkwright | Invented the water frame which quickly made yarn |
| Grand Tour | the tour of Europe’s major cities taken to finish off education |
| Uffizi Gallery | art gallery in Florence |
| Order of St. Vincent de Paul | private charitable institution that helped the poor, but was eventually overwhelmed |
| Marie Antoinette | Austrian wife of French King Louis XVI |
| Robert Walpole | British Prime Minister George I and II permitted to run their governments |
| John Wilkes | Journalist member of the British parliament whose quarrel with royalty led to reform |
| Junkers | Prussian ruling class who held most army offices |
| Maria Theresa | Austrian empress who led political and fiscal reforms |
| Montcalm | Loser of an empire on the Plains of Abraham |
| Jethro Tull | Agriculture experimenter who advocated keeping soil loose for air and moisture |
| Richard Arkwright | Inventor of the “water frame” powered spinning wheel |
| Andrea Palladio | Architect whose classical style influenced country homes of aristocrats |
| Sisters of Charity | Catholic organization dedicated to helping the poor |
| William Pitt the Younger | Served King George III through the times of the French Revolution and wars of Napoleon |
| 7 Years' War | Fought in India and in North America to determine whether Britian or France would have the greater world-wide eimpire |
| The French and Indian War | Over territorial expansion between the British, the French, and their Native American allies |
| Treaty of Paris | Britain received everything east of the Mississippi and Spanish Florida |
| Pragmatic Sanction | Charles VI of Hapsburg's daughter Maria Theresa claimed his legal heir |