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| a root that grows from an unexpected region of the plant, such as from a stem or leaf | adventitious roots |
| the distinct layers of xylem that result from the patterns of spring and summer growth in a tree | annual growth rings |
| the outer section of a woody stem which provides protection for the stem and helps transport food throughout the plant | bark |
| the upward movement of liquids through very narrow tubes | capillarity |
| the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration toward one of lower concentration by random molecular motion; also known as passive transport | diffusion |
| one-way diffusion (generally of water) through a semipermeable membrane | osmosis |
| a bundle of xylem and phloem tubes in a herbaceous stem | fibrovascular bundles |
| a method of vegetative propagation that involves transplanting living tissue from one plant to another | grafting |
| older, darker xylem tissue that forms the core of a tree's trunk; serves as support for the stem but cannot conduct water because of the accumulation of resins and oils | heartwood |
| relatively young xylem tissue in a stem that conducts sap and forms the lighter outer part of the wood | sapwood |
| the section of a twig between nodes | internode |
| a mark at a node of a twig that show where a leaf stalk (petriole) was attached in a previous year | leaf scars |
| a small opening in the bark of a woody stem that allows air to enter the stem to provide a means of respiration | lenticels |
| primary - the growth in length at the stem or root | primary and secondary growth |
| the soft storage tissue at the center of roots and stems that consists of parenchyma cells | pith |
| the tough outer covering of the stem of a monocot, consisting of thickened and strengthened epidermal cells | rind |
| the cone-shaped protective structure covering a root tip | root cap |
| root cortex - the region of a root inside the epidermis that is used to store food | root cortex and stele |
| the upward flow of fluids through the xylem of roots and stems | sap stream |
| scion - in grafting, thee branch which is to be grafted onto another plant | scion and stock |
| a food-containing tube of the phloem of plants | sieve tubes |
| taproots system - the primary root penetrates the soil with relatively little branching, remains larger than the secondary roots that branch off from it, and is often used to store food; characteristic of monocots | taproots, fleshy roots, and fibrous roots |
| the large end bud of the twig that causes it to grow in length; also called apical bud | terminal buds and lateral buds |
| the growth respons of a plant to a physical stimulus | tropism |
| in botony, sap-conducting tissues tha serve as the "circulatory system" of a plant; xylem and phloem | vascular tissue |
| the process of using vegetative reproductive methods to start a new plant from a root, stem, or leaf | vegetative propagation |
| the strong, resilient inner section of a woody stem, composed of xylem tissue | wood |
