Earthquakes/Interior Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Question | Answer |
General description of internal forces | Solids cohere together, earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of elastic energy stored in rock that has been deformed by differential stress. |
Description of cohesive force | Holds molecules together, exists between 2 sides of a fault, stress must be large enough for earthquake to overcome this |
What are the interior layers of the earth? | From inside: Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust |
Moho discontinuity? | Actual boundary between crust & mantle, separates both oceanic crust and continental crust from underlying mantle |
Shadow zone? | Area void of seismic waves, S-waves do not go through outer core because it is liquid, seismographs cannot detect an earthquake after its seismic waves have passed through the Earth, refracted by liquid |
Liquefaction? | Unconsolidated materials are saturated with water- earthquake vibrations can turn stable soil into a mobile fluid |
Sand geysers? | Indication of liquefaction |
Intensity of earthquake | Degree of shaking at a given locale based on observations |
Magnitude? | Data from seismic records show amount of energy released |
Seismograms | Drawings of seismic activity, record obtained from seismograph |
Richter scale | Logarithmic scale based on powers of 10 |
Moment magnitude scale | More accurate than Richter scale because it measures total energy released |
Mercalli scale | Scale based on roman numerals 1-12, eyewitness reports |
Surface waves? | Stay at surface |
P-wave | Body wave, travels through solids liquids & gases, first wave to show up, push-pull/compressional wave, push-squeeze then pull-stretch in direction of wave, represents volume |
S-wave | Second wave to show up, does not go through liquid, if S-wave takes a long time to show up after P-wave then epicenter is father, represents shape |
L-wave | Love wave, surface wave, fastest surface wave, moves the ground from side-to-side, confined to the surface of the crust, horizontal movement |
Rayleigh wave | Rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean, moves the ground up and down, and side-to-side in the same direction that the wave is moving, surface wave |
Focus? | Point of breakage deep in earth, origin of an earthquake |
Epicenter? | Most energy of an earthquake, point at surface directly above focus |
Time-path | The amount of time that it takes for a seismic wave to pass through the earth is dependent on the material that it encounters along its path, seismic waves travel faster through denser/solid material |
Triangulation | A method of determining the direction of an earthquake and precise location, 3 arcs merging to show epicenter |
Seismographs | Instruments that record earthquake waves |
Seismology | Study of seismic activity and earthquake waves |
Seismic wave | Massive amount of energy released during an earthquake |
Tsunami | Japanese word for a seismic sea wave, subduction zone earthquake that happens beneath the ocean and creates destructive waves, deep wave wave, water recedes when trough (low area) lands first |
Precautions during a tsunami | Small room like a closet with door frame, get away from glass or anything that can fall on you, stay in car if you are in traffic |
Historical earthquakes | 1)San Francisco 1906, 2)New Madrid Missouri 1811-1812 |
Earthquake belts | 1)Circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire" = biggest, 2)Mid-Atlantic ridge, 3)Alpine-Himalayan (Alpide) |
Local causes of earthquake activity? | Volcano- earthquakes cause vibration |
Normal fault | Tensional force (pulling apart), Downblock going down |
Reverse fault | Compressional force(pushing together), Upblock going up leaving a hanging wall |
Thrust fault | Downblock going down at an angle and upblock stays the same |
Lateral fault | Both blocks traveling opposite directions but side by side |
Horst and graben topography | Horst=high point, graben=valley, zigzag pattern |
Hanging wall | Hanging wall block is always above the fault plane or resting/hanging on top of the foot wall block |
Foot wall | Foot wall block is always below the fault plane and is shaped like a foot |
Density of crust | Sedimentary rock = 2.5g/cm3 (continental and least dense), Granitic rock = 2.7g/cm3 (continental and least dense), Basalt = 3g/cm3 (ocean floor), Mantle = 3.3g/cm3 (most dense) |
Rock structures | Position of rock layers |
Top layer is | Youngest |
Bottom layer is | Oldest |
Name of space between rock layers | Bedding plane |
Type of structure based on: | 1)Amount of force applied, 2)Rate of force applied, 3)Kind of rock acted upon |
Surface v Deep Pressure | Surface breaks but deep pressure bends, Deep pressure causes material to bend due to uniform pressure and also hotter temperature |
Fracture | Any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken place |
Fault | A break in rock mass along which movement has occurred |
Anticline | A fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch |
Syncline | A linear downfold in sedimentary strata and the opposite of anticline |
Elastic body? | Can change shape or volume but recovers to original shape when force is removed like a rubber band |
Elastic limit? | Breaking point |
Foreshocks | Small earthquakes that precede a major earthquake |
Aftershocks | Small tremors that follow an earthquake |
Tension (force) | Going apart |
Compression (force) | Coming together |
Shearing (force) | Scissor-like movement and rocks twisted |
Buoyancy (force) | Upward force |
Isostacy | State of balance |
Density of rocks: | LEAST Sedimentary rock- igneous rock- basalt- mantle MOST |
Created by:
kbkari
Popular Science sets