Pathology- Chapter 1
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| the study of disease | pathology
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| the study of the various pathological processes that cause disease | etiology
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| sequence of events | pathogenesis
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| changes perceived by the patient | symptoms
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| visual abnormal changes in the patient interpreted by a physician | signs
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| cellular changes that are not neccesarily bad | lesions
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| all disease processes are categorized into what two groups? | structural and functional disease
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| involves physical and biochemical changes within the cell; aka organic disease | structural disease
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| structural changes in the cell are initiated by what two types of agents? | exogenous and endogenous
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| list exampls of external agents | trauma, chemical injuries, microbial injuries,
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| list examples of internal agents | vascular insufficiency, immunological/autoimmune reactions and diseases, and disturbances that are the result of abnormal metablism
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| deficiency of blood in the muscle | ischemia
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| an area of dead or necrotic tissue | infarct
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| myocardial infarct | ischemic necrosis
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| diseases in which the causes are unknown | idiopathic
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| adverse reactions that may take place hile under the care of a physician | iatrogenic
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| diseases acquired from a hospital environment | nosocomial
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| any disease that presents no lesion | functional or physiological disease
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| initial cell response that takes palce following injury | degeneration
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| death of cells | necrosis
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| has a sudden onset and runs a short severe course | an acute injury
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| lack of oxygen | anoxia
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| reduced oxygen | hypoxia
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| hypoxia that is localized to a specific area | ischemia
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| ischemic necrosis is aka and where is it most common? | infarct; in the heart and brain
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| two most common causes of infarct | thrombi and emboli
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| mass of coagulated blood or a clot, which usually adheres to a vessel | thrombus
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| a thrombus that has the ability to travel through the venous system | embolus
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| emboli are common after... | trauma and fracture of long bones
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| describe liquifaction necrosis | lesions containing pyogenic bacteria with foul smelling purulent debris
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| describe caseous necrosis | cheese like appearance
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| describe enzymatic fat necrosis | assoc with the pancreas and involves the leaking of digestive enzymes
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| describe gangrenous necrosis | combination of coagulation necrosis and bacteria that are hosted by the necrotic tissue
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| progressive wasting of any part of the body, usually impairing function or resulting in loss of function | atrophy
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| the body's response to injury | inflammation
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| phagocytosis | leukocytes engulf and digest bacteria and help remove it
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| List the five indications of acute inflammation that are also known as the cardinal signs | red skin (hyperemia), swelling (edema), heat (the temp of skin is less that of the blood), pain (swollen tissue presses nerve endings), and loss of function (natural tendency to protect the body part)
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| transudate | serum that passes through a membrane or tissue and is due to increase in hydrostatic or decreased osmotic pressure in the vascular system
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| describe transudates | watery, low protein content
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| exudate | created by decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased osmotic pressure
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| describe exudates | cloudy, thick, protein-rich filled fluid
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| list the two types of repair | regeneration and fibrous connective tissue
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| which type of repair is preferred? | repair
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| primary purpose of connective tissue | bind, support and connect tissues
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| these are bundles of long, slender cellls that can contract or provide movement | muscle cells
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| List the two groups of nerve tissue cells | axons and supporting cells
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| any type of lesion or tissue mass that is characterized by the proliferation of cells | a growth disturbance
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| two categories of growth disturbances | hyperplasias and neoplasms
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| an abnormal lesion that has an excessive growth as its distinguishing feature | neoplasm
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| absolute increase in the number of cells in a tissue and is an exaggerated response to various stimuli | hyperplasia
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| hypertrophy | increase in cell size
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| metastasis | spread of cancer cells to regional and distant body locations
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| hyperplasia | increase in cell numbers
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| dysplasia | abnormal development of tissue
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| List the four types of cancer | carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma
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| cancer that originates in epithelial tissue | carcinoma
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| cancer of connective tissue | sarcoma
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| cancer of the blood | leukemia
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| cancer of the lymphatic system | lymphoma
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| mortality rate | number of persons dying per year divided by a population smaple of 100,000
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| List the five leading causes of death | heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular accident or stroke, trauma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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| rate of occurence measured over a given period of time | frequency
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| prevalence | number of individuals with a particular disease at any point in time
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