Urinalysis (Exercise 41A)
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name the 3 major factors that blood composition depends on: | diet, cellular metabolism & urinary output
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how many liters of blood plasma are filtered within 24 hours of the kidneys nephrons | 150 to 180 liters
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where does the blood plasma go through? | their glomeruli into the tubules;; where it is selectively processed by tubular reabsorption & secretion
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what is the urine output for a healthy human? | 1.0 to 1.8 liters
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what gives urine it's normal yellow color? | urochrome; a pigment metabolite arising from the body's destruction of hemoglobin (via bilirubin or bile pigments)
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the greater the solute concentration in uring the ____ the color | deeper
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what does the pH of urine range from | 4.5 to 8.0 but its average value is 6.0; slightly acidic
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a diet high in protein (meat, eggs, cheese) ___ the acidity of urine | increase
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what are these type of foods called | acid ash foods
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a vegetarian die ____ the alkalinity of the urine | incrcreases
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what type of foods are these | alkaline ash diet
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a bacterial infection of the urinary tract may result in urine with a ____ pH | high
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what is specific gravity | the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water
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what is the specific gravity of distilled water | 1.000 b.c 1 ml weights 1 g
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what is the specific gravity of urine | 1.001 to 1.030
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what type of urine is 1.001 | very dilute; it contains few solutes
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pyelonephritis | a condition that produce urine w. a high specific gravity include limited fluid intake, fever & kidney inflammation
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kidney stones; renal calculi | caused by urine becoming excessively conventrated & solution begin to precipitate or crystallize
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name the normal constituents of urine | water; urea; sodium; potassium; phosphate; sulfate ions; creatinine; uric acid; (smaller amounts of ca+, mg+ & bicarbonate ions
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glycosuria | indicates abnormally high blood sugar levels; presence of glucose in the urine
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what may cause glycosuria? | it may result from carbohydrate intake so excessive that normal physiological & hormonal mechanisms cannot clear it from the blood quickly enough
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albuminuria | presence of albumin in urine
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what is albumin | the single most abundant blood protein & is very important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood; it is normally too large to pass through the glomerular filtration membrane
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what does albuminuria indicate | an abnormally increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
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what can cause physiological albuminura | excessive exertion, pregnancy or overabundant protein intake, can all temporarily increase the membrane permeability
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what are pathological conditions resulting in albuminuria | events that damage the glomerular membrane, such as kidney trauma due to blows, the ingestion of heavy metals, bacterial toxins, glomerulonephritis & hypertension
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what is ketonuria | the presence of these intermediate products of fat metabolism in excessive amounts
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what does ketonuria indicate | that abnormal metabolic processes are occuring; result may be acidosis & its complications
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when may you expected to find ketonuria | during starvation, or diets very low in carbohydrates, when inadequate food intake forces the body to use its fat stores (also seen in diabetes patients
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what is hematuria | the appearance of RBC, in the urine
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what does this indicate? | pathology of the urinary tract bc erythrocytes are too large to pass throught he glomerular pores
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hemoglobinuria | the presence fo hemoglobin in the urine, is a result of the fragmentation of hemolysis, of RBC;
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as a result, hemoglobin is ____ into the plasma & subsequently appears in the ____ | liberated; kidney filtrate
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hemoglobinuria indicates various pathological conditions including | hemolytic anemias, transfusion reactions, burns or renal disease
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the presence of urinary nitrites might indicate___ | a bacterial infection, particularly E. coli or other gram- rods; an early detection of bladder infections
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bilirubinuria | the appearance of bilirubin (bile pigments) in urine
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what would bilirubinuria indicate? | liver pathology, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis
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how can you test for bilirubinuria | it is signaled by a yellow foam that forms when the urine sample is shaken
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what is urobilinogen | it is produced in the intestine from bilirubin & gives feces a brown color; some of it is reabsorbed into the blood & either excreted back into the intestine by the liver or excreted by the kidneys int he urine
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complete absence of urobilinogen may indicate what? | renal disease or obstruction of bile flow in the liver
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increased levels of urobilinogen may indicate what? | hepatits A, cirrhosis, or biliary disease
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pyuria | the presence of WBC or other pus constituents in the urine
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what does pyuria indicate | inflammation of the urinary tract
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Created by:
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