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Urinalysis (Exercise 41A)

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Question
Answer
name the 3 major factors that blood composition depends on:   diet, cellular metabolism & urinary output  
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how many liters of blood plasma are filtered within 24 hours of the kidneys nephrons   150 to 180 liters  
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where does the blood plasma go through?   their glomeruli into the tubules;; where it is selectively processed by tubular reabsorption & secretion  
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what is the urine output for a healthy human?   1.0 to 1.8 liters  
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what gives urine it's normal yellow color?   urochrome; a pigment metabolite arising from the body's destruction of hemoglobin (via bilirubin or bile pigments)  
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the greater the solute concentration in uring the ____ the color   deeper  
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what does the pH of urine range from   4.5 to 8.0 but its average value is 6.0; slightly acidic  
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a diet high in protein (meat, eggs, cheese) ___ the acidity of urine   increase  
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what are these type of foods called   acid ash foods  
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a vegetarian die ____ the alkalinity of the urine   incrcreases  
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what type of foods are these   alkaline ash diet  
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a bacterial infection of the urinary tract may result in urine with a ____ pH   high  
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what is specific gravity   the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water  
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what is the specific gravity of distilled water   1.000 b.c 1 ml weights 1 g  
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what is the specific gravity of urine   1.001 to 1.030  
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what type of urine is 1.001   very dilute; it contains few solutes  
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pyelonephritis   a condition that produce urine w. a high specific gravity include limited fluid intake, fever & kidney inflammation  
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kidney stones; renal calculi   caused by urine becoming excessively conventrated & solution begin to precipitate or crystallize  
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name the normal constituents of urine   water; urea; sodium; potassium; phosphate; sulfate ions; creatinine; uric acid; (smaller amounts of ca+, mg+ & bicarbonate ions  
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glycosuria   indicates abnormally high blood sugar levels; presence of glucose in the urine  
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what may cause glycosuria?   it may result from carbohydrate intake so excessive that normal physiological & hormonal mechanisms cannot clear it from the blood quickly enough  
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albuminuria   presence of albumin in urine  
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what is albumin   the single most abundant blood protein & is very important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood; it is normally too large to pass through the glomerular filtration membrane  
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what does albuminuria indicate   an abnormally increased permeability of the glomerular membrane  
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what can cause physiological albuminura   excessive exertion, pregnancy or overabundant protein intake, can all temporarily increase the membrane permeability  
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what are pathological conditions resulting in albuminuria   events that damage the glomerular membrane, such as kidney trauma due to blows, the ingestion of heavy metals, bacterial toxins, glomerulonephritis & hypertension  
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what is ketonuria   the presence of these intermediate products of fat metabolism in excessive amounts  
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what does ketonuria indicate   that abnormal metabolic processes are occuring; result may be acidosis & its complications  
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when may you expected to find ketonuria   during starvation, or diets very low in carbohydrates, when inadequate food intake forces the body to use its fat stores (also seen in diabetes patients  
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what is hematuria   the appearance of RBC, in the urine  
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what does this indicate?   pathology of the urinary tract bc erythrocytes are too large to pass throught he glomerular pores  
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hemoglobinuria   the presence fo hemoglobin in the urine, is a result of the fragmentation of hemolysis, of RBC;  
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as a result, hemoglobin is ____ into the plasma & subsequently appears in the ____   liberated; kidney filtrate  
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hemoglobinuria indicates various pathological conditions including   hemolytic anemias, transfusion reactions, burns or renal disease  
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the presence of urinary nitrites might indicate___   a bacterial infection, particularly E. coli or other gram- rods; an early detection of bladder infections  
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bilirubinuria   the appearance of bilirubin (bile pigments) in urine  
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what would bilirubinuria indicate?   liver pathology, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis  
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how can you test for bilirubinuria   it is signaled by a yellow foam that forms when the urine sample is shaken  
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what is urobilinogen   it is produced in the intestine from bilirubin & gives feces a brown color; some of it is reabsorbed into the blood & either excreted back into the intestine by the liver or excreted by the kidneys int he urine  
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complete absence of urobilinogen may indicate what?   renal disease or obstruction of bile flow in the liver  
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increased levels of urobilinogen may indicate what?   hepatits A, cirrhosis, or biliary disease  
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pyuria   the presence of WBC or other pus constituents in the urine  
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what does pyuria indicate   inflammation of the urinary tract  
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