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Cell Cycle & Mitosis-Test #1

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The Life Span of a cell includes?   Mitosis-cell division; Interphase-most of the time the cell is in this cycle  
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What is interphase ?   The period that covers all the time the cell is not undergoing mitosis  
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What is Mitosis?   The orderly events that involve the division of the nucleus  
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What are the diff. phases of the cell cycle?   G0, G1, G2, S  
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G1 Phase (pre)   Variable in length (1 yr, hrs, days); Protein Synthesis; Regains normal size-Cell Growth; Checkpt. prior to entry to S phase (is enviro. favorable for division? is DNA intact?)  
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S Phase   DNA is replicated; 6-8 hrs. in length; Semiconservative Replication (old & new strands)  
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G2 Phase (post)   Completes preparation for cell division; 3-6 hours in length; Synthesis of tubulin for microtubules; Checkpt. for repair of DNA (has DNA totally replicated?)  
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M Phase   Mitosis; 1-2 hours in length  
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G0   Entered from G1; Cell is not dividing but still active b/c there's sufficient supply of that type of cell; Cardiac muscle and neurons permanently in G1  
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The cell cycle is regulated by what?   External and Internal factors  
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External Regulation   Specific receptors on the cell surface send cytoplasmic signals to cellular components to divide  
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Internal Regulation   Regulated by Cyclins & Maturation promoting factor (MPF)  
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What are cyclins?   Proteins that bind to specific kinases to regulate events of interphase (cell cycle)  
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What is MPF?   cyclin M + kinase; Rapid increase of the protein triggers cell entry into Mitosis  
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Mitosis is made up of what two main stages?   Karyonkinesis-nuclear division and Cytokinesis-division of the cytoplasm  
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Karyokinesis has how many stages?   4-Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase  
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Prophase   Chromosomes appear; Nuclear envelope breaks down; Centrosomes separate to opp. poles  
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Metaphase   Chromosomes migrate to Equatorial Plane; Chromosomes separate into sister chromatids  
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Anaphase   Chromatids move to opp. poles; Cytokinesis begins  
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Telophase   Chromosomes disperse; Nuclear envelope regenerated; cytokinesis completed  
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What is cytokinesis?   The division of the cytoplasm during Mitosis  
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What occurs in the cell during cytokinesis?   Band of actin filaments form at equatorial plane; constriction of band separates cytoplasm; begins at anaphase and end in telophase  
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What is Apoptosis?   Programmed cell death  
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Apoptosis can occur during what two stages of life?   Embryonic development and Adult Life  
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Apoptosis in Embryo Develop.   Normal reorganization of tissues; Ex. developing hand & foot once those are completed not all cells used to form are needed  
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Apoptosis in Adult Life   Occurs to balance cell divisions; removes cells that are damaged or ineffective; Nucleus condenses and breaks up; Does NOT initiate an inflammatory response  
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