Cell Cycle & Mitosis-Test #1
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| The Life Span of a cell includes? | Mitosis-cell division; Interphase-most of the time the cell is in this cycle
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| What is interphase ? | The period that covers all the time the cell is not undergoing mitosis
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| What is Mitosis? | The orderly events that involve the division of the nucleus
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| What are the diff. phases of the cell cycle? | G0, G1, G2, S
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| G1 Phase (pre) | Variable in length (1 yr, hrs, days); Protein Synthesis; Regains normal size-Cell Growth; Checkpt. prior to entry to S phase (is enviro. favorable for division? is DNA intact?)
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| S Phase | DNA is replicated; 6-8 hrs. in length; Semiconservative Replication (old & new strands)
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| G2 Phase (post) | Completes preparation for cell division; 3-6 hours in length; Synthesis of tubulin for microtubules; Checkpt. for repair of DNA (has DNA totally replicated?)
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| M Phase | Mitosis; 1-2 hours in length
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| G0 | Entered from G1; Cell is not dividing but still active b/c there's sufficient supply of that type of cell; Cardiac muscle and neurons permanently in G1
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| The cell cycle is regulated by what? | External and Internal factors
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| External Regulation | Specific receptors on the cell surface send cytoplasmic signals to cellular components to divide
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| Internal Regulation | Regulated by Cyclins & Maturation promoting factor (MPF)
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| What are cyclins? | Proteins that bind to specific kinases to regulate events of interphase (cell cycle)
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| What is MPF? | cyclin M + kinase; Rapid increase of the protein triggers cell entry into Mitosis
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| Mitosis is made up of what two main stages? | Karyonkinesis-nuclear division and Cytokinesis-division of the cytoplasm
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| Karyokinesis has how many stages? | 4-Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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| Prophase | Chromosomes appear; Nuclear envelope breaks down; Centrosomes separate to opp. poles
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| Metaphase | Chromosomes migrate to Equatorial Plane; Chromosomes separate into sister chromatids
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| Anaphase | Chromatids move to opp. poles; Cytokinesis begins
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| Telophase | Chromosomes disperse; Nuclear envelope regenerated; cytokinesis completed
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| What is cytokinesis? | The division of the cytoplasm during Mitosis
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| What occurs in the cell during cytokinesis? | Band of actin filaments form at equatorial plane; constriction of band separates cytoplasm; begins at anaphase and end in telophase
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| What is Apoptosis? | Programmed cell death
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| Apoptosis can occur during what two stages of life? | Embryonic development and Adult Life
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| Apoptosis in Embryo Develop. | Normal reorganization of tissues; Ex. developing hand & foot once those are completed not all cells used to form are needed
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| Apoptosis in Adult Life | Occurs to balance cell divisions; removes cells that are damaged or ineffective; Nucleus condenses and breaks up; Does NOT initiate an inflammatory response
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