Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or

show password
Forgot Password?

Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or

Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account.
Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.


Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.

Anatomy & Physiology Final

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
Hierarchy of Complexity   Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism  
🗑
Sagittal Plane   Cut body into left and right halves  
🗑
Frontal Plane   Cut body into front and back halves  
🗑
Transverse Plane   Cut body into top and bottom halves  
🗑
Ipsilateral   Same side of the body  
🗑
Contralateral   Opposite side of the body  
🗑
Proximal   Toward the point of attachment/ origin  
🗑
Distal   Away from the point of attachment/ origin  
🗑
Negative Feedback   Effects in the opposite direction of the stimulus  
🗑
Positive Feedback   Effect is in the same direction as the stimulus; Used when a process, once started, needs to be completed quickly  
🗑
Elements of a feedback loop   1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3. Integration center 4. Effector  
🗑
Dynamic Equilibrium   Things in the body, i.e. temp, can only get so high or low before the brain takes action  
🗑
Homeostasis   Regulation of the body's internal conditions  
🗑
Parietal Membranes/ Pleura   Lines cavity walls/ layer on top of visceral pleura  
🗑
Visceral Membranes/ Pleura   Lines internal organs/ Lining directly on surface of the lungs  
🗑
Pericardium   Lines the heart  
🗑
Peritoneum   Lines the abdominopelvic cavity  
🗑
Pluera   Lines the lungs  
🗑
Atomic Number   Number of protons in the nucleus  
🗑
Protons   Single, (+) Charged, mass= 1 amu  
🗑
Neutrons   No charge, mass= 1 amu  
🗑
Electrons   Single, (-) Charged, very low mass; Determine the chemical properties of an atom  
🗑
Nucleus   Center of an atom  
🗑
Electrolytes   Salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting an electric current; Importance: Chemical reactivity, influence water movement, electrical effects on nerve and muscle tissue  
🗑
Ions   Charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons  
🗑
Anions   Atom that gains electrons (net negative charge)  
🗑
Cations   Atom that loses an electron (net positive charge)  
🗑
Chemical Bonds   Forces that hold molecules together, or attract one molecule to another  
🗑
Ionic Bond   Relatively weak attraction between an anion and cation  
🗑
Covalent Bond   Relatively Strong attraction; Sharing of 2 or more pairs of electrons between nucleui  
🗑
Hydrophilic   "Water Lover", dissolves in water  
🗑
Hyrophobic   "Water Hater", does not dissolve in water  
🗑
Acid   A proton donor, pH less than 7  
🗑
Base   A proton acceptor, pH greater than 7  
🗑
pH   Measure derived from the molarity of H+  
🗑
Organic Compounds   Compounds with carbon base  
🗑
Carbohydrates   Hydrophilic compound; Primary in humans include monosaccharides, dissacharides, polusaccharides  
🗑
Lipids   Hydrophobic molecule; main function is energy storage, insulation, and shock absorption  
🗑
Protein   A polymer of amino acids  
🗑
Nucleic Acids   Polymers of nucleotides (DNA and RNA  
🗑
4 types of lipids   fatty acids, triglycerides, phospolipids, steroids  
🗑
Amphiphilic Phospholipids   Fatty acid "tails" are hydrophobic, and phosphate "head" is hydrophilic  
🗑
Trans Fat    
🗑
Cholesterol   Component of the cell membranes; precursor of other steroids  
🗑
HDL   High Density lipoprotein; "good" cholesterol, lower ratio of lipid to protein and also may help cardiovascular disease  
🗑
LDL   Low Density lipoprotein; "bad" cholesterol, high ratio of lipid to protein and contributes to cardiovascular disease  
🗑
Protein Structure   1. Primary: protein's sequence amino acids which is encoded in gene 2. Secondary: coil or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds 3. Tertiary: further bending and folding into globular and fibrous shapes 4. Quaternary: three- dimensional shape  
🗑
Enzyme   Proteins that function as biological catalysts  
🗑
Substrate   Substance an enzyme acts upon  
🗑
Activation Energy   Energy needed to get reaction started  
🗑
3 Components of nucleotides   Mitrogenous base(single or double carbon- nitrogen ring), Sugar (monosaccharide), and One or more phosphate group  
🗑
ATP   Best known nucleotide; Adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (sugar), pphosphate groups (3)  
🗑
Role or Rough ER   Protein synthesis and manufacture of cellular membranes  
🗑
Role of Smooth ER   Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage  
🗑
Role of the nucleus   Genetic control center of the cell, directs protein synthesis, and shelters the DNA  
🗑
Role of ribosomes   Interpret the genetic code and sythesize polpeptides  
🗑
Role of golgi complex   Receives and modify newly synthesized polypeptides, carbohydrates, and adds carbohydrates to glycoprotein; packages cel products into golgi vesicles  
🗑
Role of golgi vesicles   Becomes secretory vesicles and carry cell products to apical surface for exocytosis, or become lysosomes  
🗑
Role of lysosomes   Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, autophagy, programmed cell death and glucose mobilization  
🗑
Role of mitochondria   ATP synthesis  
🗑
Role of microtubules   Form axomes of cilia and flagella, centrioels, basal bodies and mitotic spindles' enable motility of cell parts  
🗑
Role of centrioles   Form mitotic spindles during cell division  
🗑
Cytoplasm   Contains organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol (ICF)  
🗑
Extracellulat fluid   Fluid outside of the cell  
🗑
Plasma Membrane   Surrounds the cell and defines the boundaries; Made up of proteins and lipids; Controls passage of materials in and out of the cell  
🗑
Microvilli   "Brush Border", Extensions of membrane; Serve to increase the surface area  
🗑
Cilia   Hairlike processes, used for motility  
🗑
Flagella   Tail of a sperm, whiplike structure with axoneme to cilium  
🗑
Passive Transport   Require no ATP; Filtration, diffusion, osmosis  
🗑
Active Transport   Consumes ATP  
🗑
Carrier- Mediated Mechanisms   Use a membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other  
🗑
Simple Diffusion   The net movement of particles from area of high concentration to low concentration  
🗑
Facilitated Diffusion   Carrier- Mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient  
🗑
How hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances pass throught the membrane   Hydrophobic= Diffusion through the lipid bilayer, Hydrophilic= Diffusion through channel proteins  
🗑
Osmosis   Movement of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other  
🗑
Hypotonic Solution   Has lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than ICF; Cell swelling  
🗑
Hypertonic Solution   Has higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes; Cell shrinkage  
🗑
Endocytosis   Vesicular processes that bring material into the cell  
🗑
Exocytosis   Discharging material from the cell  
🗑
DNA structure   Long, threadlike molecule with uniform diameter  
🗑
Purines (double ring)   Adenine and Guanine  
🗑
Pyrimidines (single ring)   Cytosine and Thymine  
🗑
Molecular shape of DNA   Double Helix  
🗑
3 Components of nucleotides   Consists of 1 sugar, 1 phosphate group and 1 nitrogenous base  
🗑
Law of complementary base pairing   One strand determines base sequence of the other  
🗑
Genes   Genetc instructions for synthesis of proteins  
🗑
Genome   All the genes of one person; Estimated 20,000-25,000 per human  
🗑
RNA and DNA differences   RNA is much smaller than DNA; Only one nucleotide; Ribose replace deoxyribose; Uracil replaces Thymine  
🗑
4 Nucleotides   Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thyminee, Uracil  
🗑
Transcription   Copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA; Step from DNA to mRNA in protein synthesis  
🗑
Translation   The process that converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids; Step from mRNA to protein in protein synthesis  
🗑
Ribosomes   Translate sequence of nucleotides into sequence of amino acids  
🗑
Dominant Allele   Corresponding trait is usually detetable in the individual; Masks effect of the recessive allele; Produces protein responsible for the visible trait  
🗑
Recessive Allele   Expressed only when present on both of the homologous chromosomes  
🗑
Genotype   The allele that an individual possesses for a particular trait  
🗑
Phenotype   Observable trait  
🗑
Penetrance   The % of a population with a given genotype that actually exhibits the predicted phenotype  
🗑
4 Broad categories of Tissues   Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular  
🗑
Epithelial Tissue   Claasified by the # of layers and the cell shape; Structure consists of a flat sheet, one side open to environment or internal space; attached to basement membrane; functions as surface lining and forms glands  
🗑
Simple Squamous   Found in the alveoli (lung) and serosa  
🗑
Simple Cubodial   Lines ducts: thyroid and kidney tubules  
🗑
Simple Columnar   May possess goblet cells; Line the GI tract  
🗑
Pseudostratified   Contain cilia and goblet cells; Found in the respiratory tract  
🗑
Keratinized Stratified Squamous   Found on the palms and soles; Resist abrasion, slows water loss  
🗑
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous   Found on tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus and vagina  
🗑
Transitional   Found in ureter and bladder  
🗑
Exocrine Glands   Deliever through a duct  
🗑
Endocrine Glands   Have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into the blood  
🗑
Types of fibrous connective tissue   Collagenous, elastic, and reticular  
🗑
Cell types in fibrous connective tissue   Fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes (fat), chondroblasts (cartilage), osteoblasts (bone) and blood cells  
🗑
Collagenous Fibers   Tough, flexible and rest stretch; Tendons, ligaments and deep layer of skin  
🗑
Reticular Fibers   Form framework of lymph organs; Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein  
🗑
Elastic fibers   Made of protein called elastin; Allows large arteries to stretch and recoil  
🗑
Types of cartilage   Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage  
🗑
Hyaline Cartilage   Found in the trachea, larynx and lining of the joints  
🗑
Elatic Cartilage   Provides flexible, elastic support; found on the external ear  
🗑
Fibrocartilage   Contains bundles of collagen fibers; Resists compression and absorbs shock  
🗑
Blood Cells   Fluid connective tissue  
🗑
Plasma   Blood's liquid ground substance  
🗑
Erythrocytes   Red blood cells; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide  
🗑
Leukocytes   White blood cells; defense against infection and other diseases  
🗑
Platelets   Cell fragments involved in clotting  
🗑
Skeletal Muscle   Striated; Voluntary  
🗑
Cardiac Muscle   Striated; Involuntary  
🗑
Smooth Muscle   Non-Striated; Involuntary  
🗑
Tight junctions   Fusion of outer phospholipid layers; acts as seal between cells  
🗑
Desmosomes   Attach one cell to another by proteins; very strong button like  
🗑
Gap Junctions   Connexons; allow movement of ions and small molecules between cells  
🗑
Hyperplasia   Tissue growth due to increased # of cells  
🗑
Hypertrophy   Tissue growth due to enlargement of preexisting cells  
🗑
Atrophy   Shrinkage of tissue  
🗑
Metaplasia   Change from one type of mature tissue to another  
🗑
Neoplasia   Development of a tumor (neoplasm)  
🗑
Regeneration   Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before; restores normal function  
🗑
Fibrosis   Replacemetn of damaged cells with scar tissue; does not restore normal function  
🗑
Serous Membrane   (serosa) Internal membrane  
🗑
Mesothelium   Lines body cavities (pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura)  
🗑
Endothelium   Lines blood vessels and heart  
🗑
Mucus Membrane   (mucosa) Lines passageways that open to the outside  
🗑


   

Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
 
To hide a column, click on the column name.
 
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
 
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
 
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.

 
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how
Created by: Sweetp12407
Popular Science sets