Immune System 913860
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| First Line of Defense | We are surrounded by a sea of germs. Keeping them out is critical. The nonspecific barriers are: Skin, Stomach Acid, Mucous membranes producing Lysozyme, and Cilia in respiratory system
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| Second Line of Defense | Nonspecific defense
Inflammatory response: Histamine, Phagocytes, Prostaglandins, Chemokines, Pyrogens, Complement, Interferons, and Natural Killer
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| Histamine | Trigger vasodilations which increases blood supply to an area, bringing phagocytes
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| Phagocytes | Ingest invading microbes
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| Prostaglandins | Further enhance blood flow to area
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| Chemokines | Secreted by blood vessel endothelium and monocytes, attract more phagocytes to the area
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| Pyrogens | Increase body temperature to speed up the immune system
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| Complement | is a group of proteins that helps to destroy microbes by rupturing their membranes
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| Interferons | Chemicals that block viral infections
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| Natural Killer (NK) | Cells destroy virus-infected body cells
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| Third Line of Defense | Specific immune response maintained by lymphocytes.
B and T lymphocytes; both originate in bone marrow
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| Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8 Cells) (Tc Cells) | Kill body cells infected with pathogens by releasing perforin, which ruptures microbial membranes
Stimulated by antigens and by helper T cells
Proliferate into plasma cells and memory cells
Stimulated by infected body cells
Mature in thymus
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| Helper T Cells (Th Cells) | Set off an alarm to immune system that microbes have broken through the body's lines of defense
Binds to class II MHC molecules
Releases interleukin-2, which stimulates Tc Cells, B cells, and other Th cells
Also called CD4 Cells
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| B Lymphocytes | Humoral response - produce antibodies
Activated by T cells or by free antigens floating in blood
Secrete 200 antibodies/second over the cell's 4-5 day lifespan
Proliferate into plasma and memory cells
Part of specific immune response
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| Macrophages | Develop from monocytes
Migrate through blood; reside in tissues
Kill and digest large numbers of germs using their lysosomes
Display MHC II molecules on their surface
Act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Release Interleukin-1 to stimulate helper T
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| Interleukin-1 (Il-1) | Cytokine secreted by a macrophage after it phagocytizes and presents antigens on its surface
Activates helper T cells to produce interleukin-2 (Il-2)
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| Interleukin-2 (Il-2) | Cytokine that stimulates B cells to become active antibody-secreting plasma cells
Release by activated helper T cell
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| MHC I | MHC I molecules are found on almost every body cell
Bind to cytotoxic T cells
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| MHC II | MHC II molecules are found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells
Bind to helper T cells
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| Positive Feedback | Amplifies an already existing process in immune system until an endpoint or maximum rate is reached
Ex: helper T cells become activated by class II MHC molecules and Il-1 to release Il-2 which further increases activity of helper T cells
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| Plasma Cells | Fight current infections
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| Memory Cells | Circulate in the body permanently, imparting specific lifelong immunity against a particular virus, such as polio or measles
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| Clonal Selection | Fundamental mechanism in the development of immunity
Special B and T lymphocytes are selected by binding to specific pathogenic molecules
Once selected, B and T lymphocytes become metabolically active and make millions of copies of themselves
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| Antibodies | Y-shaped globular protein molecule consists of four chains; 2 heavy and 2 light chains with constant and variable regions
Also called Immunoglobins (Ig)
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| Immunoglobin G (IgG) | most abundant circulating antibodies
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| Immunoglobin A (IgA) | Abundant in mucous membranes, tears, saliva, colostrum
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| Immunoglobin E (IgE) | facilitates release of histamine in allergic responses
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| Passive Immunity | Temporary
Antibodies are transferred from another animal
Ex: A mother some of her antibodies to her nursing child
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| Active Immunity | Permanent
Individual makes own antibodies
The result of being sick and recovering or from receiving a vaccination
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| AIDS | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Caused by HIV, a retrovirus
Attacks cells that bear CD4 (helper T cells) molecules on their surface
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| Blood ABO Antigens and Antibodies | Blood type: A, A antigen, B Antibody
Blood type: B, B antigen, A antibody
Blood type: AB, A and B antigen, No antibody
Blood type: O, No antigens, A and B antibodies
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| Autoimmune Disease | A mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself
The immune system attacks its own body tissue
Ex: Multiple sclerosis, lupus, arthritis, juvenile diabetes
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| Monoclonal Antibodies | Antibodies produced by a single B lymphocyte that has been selected and that produces a single type of antigen
Important as a research tool and in diagnosing and treating certain diseases
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| Allergies | Hypersensitive immune responses to certain substances called allergens that cause the release of histamine
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| Anaphylactic Shock | Acute, extreme allergic reaction
Life threatening
Results from sudden dilation of blood vessels, which results in precipitous drop in blood pressure
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| Overview of Immune System | The immune system is characterized by: Specificity, Diversity, Memory, and Capacity to distinguish self from nonself
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