Digestive System
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| Provides energy and nutrients | Food
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| Food must be ___- into usable forms by digestive system | Broken down
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| Continuous tube from mouth to anus | Alimentary tube
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| Digestion occurs in the (3) | Mouth, Stomach, Sm intestines
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| Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, GB and pancreas are all ____ organs | Accessory
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| Accessory organs contribute to ___ | Digestion
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| # types of digestion | 2
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| Types of digestion (2) | Mechanical, chemical
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| Physical breakdown into smaller pieces | Mechanical digestion
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| Mechanical digestion ___ surface area for chemical digestion | Increases
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| Breaking down complex molecules into simple molecules with enzymes | Chemical digestion
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| Enzymes is specific to ___ | Molecule (fat, carbohydrates, protein)
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| The mouth | Oral cavity
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| Oral cavity aka | Buccal cavity
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| Baby teeth aka | Deciduous (milk teeth)
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| # baby teeth | 20
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| Baby teeth begin to erupt at___ | 6mo
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| Baby teeth are usually in by age __ | 2
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| Permanent teeth replace ___ | Deciduous teeth
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| #total permanent teeth | 23
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| Types of permanent teeth (4) | Incisors, K9, premolars, molars
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| # incisors | 8
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| Flat chiseled like teeth | Incisors
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| Sharp and pointy | K9
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| # k9 | 4
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| Premolar aka | Bicuspid
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| # premolar | 8
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| Teeth with 2 points | Premolars
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| # molars | 23
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| Teeth with 4 points | Molars
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| ___ teeth are the last set | Wisdom
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| Gums | Gingiva
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| Part above the gingiva | Crown
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| Very hard covering of the crown | Enamel
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| ___ made by meloblast cells | Enamel
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| ___prevents tooth from wearing out | Enamel
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| ___ is resistant to decay | Enamel
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| Deep to the enamel | Dentin
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| __is similar to bone | Dentin
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| ___produced by odontoblasts | Dentin
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| Root is enclosed in the ___ | Socket
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| Root is made of | Dentin
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| Ligament that attaches to the root and bone | Periodontal membrane / ligament
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| Inner most portion of the tooth | Pulp cavity
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| Pulp cavity contains ___ | Blood vessels
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| Pulp cavity contains ___ nerve | Trigeminal
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| Tongue is __muscle | Skeletal
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| Tongue functions (3) | Taste, initiate swallowing, manipulate food
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| Projections on superior surface of tongue | Papillae
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| Papillae contains__ | Taste buds
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| Papillae __ food to manipulate it | Grip
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| Produce saliva | Salivary glands
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| # pairs of salivary glands | 3
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| Salivary gland anteroinferior to ear | Parotic
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| Medial to the angle of the mandible | Submandibular
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| Submandibular aka | Submaxiallry
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| Inferior to tongue, medial to the body of the mandible | Sublingual
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| Made of water and amylase | Saliva
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| Saliva is made of (2) | Water and amylase
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| Moistens food | Saliva
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| Breaks down carbohydrates | Saliva
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| Amount of saliva produced is based on ___ | Need
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| Saliva is produced from blood plasma by __ | Filtration
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| # structural layers to alimentary tube | 4
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| The inside lining of the alimentary tube | Digestive mucosa
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| Digestive mucosa made of ____ tissue | Epithelial
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| Esophagus is is ____ ____ | Stratified squamous (sloughs off due to friction)
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| Stomach and intestines are ____ ___ | Simple columnar (for absorption)
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| Epithelial tissue ____ for lubrication | Secretes mucous
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| Epithelial tissue ___ (stomach and sm intestines only) | Digestive enzymes
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| Deep in mucosa | Submucosa
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| Submucosa is made of ___ connective tissue | Areolar
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| Just deep to the epithelium in the areolar connective tissue | Submucosa
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| Lymph nodes fight infection that get through the ___ | Epithelium
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| Submucosa is highly ___, highly___ | Vascular, nervous
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| Submucosa contains ___ tissue | Lymphatic
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| Entire length of gut | Enteric nervous system
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| Nerve networks that innervate mucosa to regulate secretion | Meisner’s / submucosal plexus
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| Meisner’s / submucosal plexus, nerve network that innervate mucosa to regulate ___ | Secretion
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| Parasympathetic __ secretion | Increase
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| Sympathetic ___ secretion | Decrease
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| External muscle layer # layers of __ muscle | 2, smooth
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| Circular layer | Inner
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| Longitudinal laye | Outter
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| Muscle layers create ___ | Peristalsis
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| Moving food in one direction | Peristalsis
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| External muscle layers innervated by ___ | Auerbach’s / myenteric
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| Parasympathetic__ peristalsis | Increase
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| Sympathetic __ peristalsis | Decrease
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| Serous membrane connective tissue later that supports the GI tract | Serosa
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| Serosa secretes ___, why? | Serous Fluid, decrease friction
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| Below the diaphragm the serosa is called___ when covering organs | Mesentery (visceral peritoneum)
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| Below the diaphragm the serosa is called ___ when lining abdominal cavity | Peritoneum (parietal peritoneum)
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| LUQ inferior to diaphragm and anterior to spleen | Stomach
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| Between esophagus and sm intestines (duodenum) | Stomach
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| Stomach is separated from the esophagus by | Lower esophageal sphincter
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| LES | Lower esophageal sphincter
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| Stomach hold food it ___ and ___ digests | Mechanically, chemically
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| Opening from esophagus to stomach | Cardiac orifice
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| Part superior to cardiac orifice | Fundus
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| Fundus usually contains ___ | Air
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| Main part of stomach | Body
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| Curve superior/medial, short and border | Lessor curvature
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| Curve inferior/lateral, long border | Greater curvature
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| Area adjacent to duodenum | Pylorus
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| Pylorus and duodenum are separated by | Pyloric sphincter
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| Pyloris sphincter relaxes in ___to release food into ___ | Intervals, duodenum
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| Pylorus contracts again to prevent-__ | backflow
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| Wrinkles/folds that appear then stomach is empty | Rugae
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| Glands that consist of several cell types | Gastric pits
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| ___cells secrete mucous | Goblet
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| Cells that secrete pepsinogen | Chief
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| Chief cells break down ___bonds | Peptide
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| ___cells secrete hydrogen ion or proton and intrinsic factor | Parietal
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| Secrete h+ into stomach that bond to Cl- that diffuse from parietal cells | Proton pumps
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| Intrinsic factor is necessary form ___ absorption | B12
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| __cells secrete the hormone gastrin | G
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| G cells secrete ___ | Gastrin
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| Stomach pH is ___ | 1-2
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| Acidic pH does what | Kills pathogens and microorganisms
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| Acidic pH is necessary for __ to function | Pepsin
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| All of the secretions of the stomach | Gastric juice
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| Gastric juice is secreted in small amounts at the ____ | Thought of eating
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| Gastric juice is controlled by ____ nervous syste, | Parasympathetic
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| Food increases ___secretion | gastrin
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| Stomach has # muscle layers | 3
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| The three muscle layers of stomach | longitudinal, oblique, circular
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| Longitudinal stomach, muscle runs___ | verticle
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| Circular stomach muscle runs___ | horizontal
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| Oblique stomach muscle runs at an ___ | angle
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| The three muscle layers of the stomach are responsible for | chrurning food
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| Stomach muscle layers are inervated by | Auerbach's(myenteric)plexus
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| Small imtestines stretch from ___to___ | stomach, colon
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| Smakk intestines are# inch in diameter | 1
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| Small intestine is #feet long | 20
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| Small intestine has # parts | 3
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| Three parts of sm intestine | duodenum,jejunum, ileum
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| First part of small intestines | duodenum
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| Common bile duct empties into the | Ampulla of Vater
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| Jejunum is # feet long | 8
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| Ileum is# Feet long | 11
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| Digestion ends in___ | small intestine
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| Nutrients from small intestines is absorbed into ____and____ | blood, lymph
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| Small intestines are made of simple____cells with___ | columnar,microvilli
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| ____cells secrete mucus | goblet
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| ____cells secrete hormone of small intestines | enteroendocrine
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| Lymoh nodules in small intestinrs for immunity | Peyer's patches
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| Muscle layer of small intestines is made of ____muscle | smooth
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| Smooth muscle of small intestines runs ___ans___ | circulsr,longitudinal
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| Small intestines controlled by ____nerve | vagus
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| Peristalsis can occur without ____control via the ___nervous system | CNS, enteric
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| Three sources of gsdtric secretion | liver, gallbladder,pancreas
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| RUQ directly inferior to diphrahm | liver
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| Liver has 2 lobes called | right and left
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| Liver lobule aka | hepatic lobule
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| Functional unit of the liver | liver lobule
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| Liver lobule is a ___ column of____ | hexoganal,hepatocytes
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| Liver lobule is surrounded by branches of ____artery and ____vein | hepatic, portal
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| Larger cavities between rows of hepstocytes | sinusoid
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| Liver has no_____ | capillaries
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| liver is very _____ | permiable
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| Liver receives blood from (2) | hepatic artry, portal vein
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| Arterial and venous blood ____(not blood to AND from) | mixes
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| ____vein is central to lobules | central
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| Central vein unites with other central veins from the hepatic vein and drain into___ | IVC
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| Liver secretes ___ | bile
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| Hepatocytes secrete into ____ which empty into the bile duct | bike caniculi
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| Bile ducts empty into____ | hepatic duct
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| Bile is mostly made of___ | water
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| Two purposes of bile | excretion,secretion
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| Byproduct of RBC (hem) breakdowm | bilirubin
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| Bile excretes excess___ | cholesterol
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| Bile secretes for ____ | digestion
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| Hormone secreted in duodenum | secretin
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| Secret in is produced in the | duodenum
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| Secret in helps stimulate_____production | bile
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| Bile salts emulsify | Lipids
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| Carbohydrate metabolism regulates ___in the blood | glucose
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| Excess glucose stimulates | Glycygenesis
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| Glucose is converted into the polusaccharide__ | Glycogen
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| Carbohydrate metabolism is stimulated by ___and___ | Insulin, cortisol
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| Gucagon and epinephrine cause __ | Glycogenolysis
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| Conversion of glycogen back to glucose when blood sugar is ___ | Low
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| AA metabolism; the liver can produce 12-#AA (non essential | 20
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| Catabolizes AAs when there is excess to make glycogen or __ | Fat
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| Lipoproteins allow ___in the blood | Transport
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| Lipid metabolism synthesizes ___ | Cholesterol
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| Liver syntheszises plasma protein such as ___ and globulins | Albumin
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| Liver phagocystizes pathogens with resident WBS called____cells | Kupffer
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| Liver stores ___soluble vitamis (A,D,K,E) | Fat
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| Liver stores iron and ___ | Copper
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| The livers main purpose is ___ | Detoxification
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| When enzymes transform harmful substances | Dextoxification
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| Liver stores___(entrinsic factor) | B12
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