Bacterial "sexual" processes, biochemical pathways, quantitative genetics
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| What is conjugation? | the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another
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| What is transformation? | when a bacterium takes up any DNA from its environment
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| What is transduction? | the use of a bacteriophage to transfer DNA from one bacterium to another
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| What is the F plasmid? | small circular set of genes separate from the chromosome, confers ability to conjugate
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| F+ | the cell contains the F plasmid
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| F- | the cell lacks the F plasmid
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| These structures grow and connect bacteria for conjugation. | sex pilli
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| Hfr cell | F plasmid is incorporated into the chromosome
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| azi R | resistant to azide
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| azi S | sensitive/susceptible to azide
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| ton R | resistant to T1 bacteriophage
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| ton S | sensitive/susceptible to T1 bacteriophage
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| lac- | chemoautotroph mutant unable to use lactose
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| lac+ | able to use lactose
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| gal- | chemoautotroph mutant unable to use galactose
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| gal+ | able to use galactose
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| This is the linear piece of chromosome that enters the F- from Hfr. | exogenote
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| This is the F-'s own circular chromosome. | endogenote
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| F' | F plasmid containing a piece of the chromosome as a result of a "screw-up" in the process of Hfr cell becoming F+ cell
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| What is a merodiploid? | a partial diploid cell: diploid for bacterial gene(s) on F' and haploid for all other genes
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| What is a bacteriophage? | a virus specific to bacteria: a small piece of DNA inside a protein coat
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| This is when any piece of the bacterial gene can be transferred by a bacteriophage. | generalized transduction
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| This is when only specific pieces of the bacterial gene can be transferred by a bacteriophage. | specialized transduction
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| What does lyse mean? | to break open
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| What does lytic mean? | breaks things open
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| bigger # = genes are closer together | co-transduction frequency
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| What is a prophage? | the phage DNA incorporated into the chromosome
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| What does dikaryon mean? | has 2 nuclei
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| What does the complementation test determine? | how many genes affect the biosynthesis of something (eg--arg)
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| diploid heterozygote = auxotroph | mutations are in same gene
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| diploid heterozygote = prototroph | mutations in different genes
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| What are quantitative traits? | traits that do not fall into discrete categories, such as height and the yield of corn per acre
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| This type of quantitative traits can have any value. | continuous, eg--height
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| This type of quantitative traits only have integer values | countable/meristic, eg--# of bristles
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| What are threshold traits? | quantitative traits that have an underlying quantitative distribution, but the trait only appears if a threshold is crossed (eg--adult onset diabetes)
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| What is the basic idea of quantitative genetics? | genetics + environment
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| The basic ideas of quantitative genetics. | -traits are caused by normal genes following Mendel's rules
-inbreeding eliminates genetic variation
-artificial selection
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