Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or

show password
Forgot Password?

Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or

Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account.
Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.


Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.

LECOM 2012 All Pharm 1 liners

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value, constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs)   Half-life (T1/2)  
🗑
Relates the amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration   Volume of distribution (VD)  
🗑
Plasma concentration of a drug at a given time   Cp  
🗑
The ratio of the rate of elimination of a drug to its plasma concentration   Clearance (CL)  
🗑
The elimination of drug that occurs before it reaches the systemic circulation   First pass effect  
🗑
The fraction of administered dose of a drug that reaches systemic circulation   Bioavailability (F)  
🗑
When the rate of drug input equals the rate of drug elimination   Steady state  
🗑
Metabolism This step of metabolism makes drug more hydrophilic and hence augments elimination   Phase I  
🗑
Different steps of Phase I   Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis  
🗑
Inducers of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)   Barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin  
🗑
Inhibitors of CYP450   Cimetidine, ketoconazole, erythromycin, isoniazid and grapefruit  
🗑
Products of Phase II conjugation   Glucuronate, acetic acid, and glutathione sulfate  
🗑
Constant percentage of substrate metabolized per unit time   First order kinetics  
🗑
Drug elimination with a constant amount metabolized regardless of drug concentration   Zero order kinetics  
🗑
Target plasma concentration times (volume of distribution divided by bioavailability)   Loading dose (Cp*(Vd/F))  
🗑
Concentration in the plasma times (clearance divided by bioavailability)   Maintenance dose (Cp*(CL/F))  
🗑
Strength of interaction between drug and its receptor   Affinity  
🗑
Selectivity of a drug for its receptor   Specificity  
🗑
Amount of drug necessary to elicit a biologic effect   Potency  
🗑
Ability of drug to produce a biologic effect   Efficacy  
🗑
Ability of a drug to produce 100% of the maximum response regardless of the potency   Full agonist  
🗑
Ability to produce less than 100% of the response   Partial agonist  
🗑
Ability to bind reversibly to the same site as the drug and without activating the effector system   Competitive antagonist  
🗑
Ability to bind to either the same or different site as the drug   Noncompetitive antagonist  
🗑
Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes intracellular receptors   Thyroid and steroid hormones  
🗑
MOA utilizes transmembrane receptors   Insulin  
🗑
MOA utilizes ligand gated ion channels   Benzodiazepines and calcium channel blockers  
🗑
Median effective dose required for an effect in 50% of the population   ED50  
🗑
Median toxic dose required for a toxic effect in 50% of the population   TD50  
🗑
Dose which is lethal to 50% of the population   LD50  
🗑
Window between therapeutic effect and toxic effect   Therapeutic index  
🗑
Drug with a high margin of safety   High therapeutic index  
🗑
Drug with a narrow margin of safety   Low therapeutic index  
🗑
Antidotes and agents used in drug overdose Antidote used for lead poisoning   Dimercaprol, EDTA  
🗑
Antidote used for cyanide poisoning   Nitrites  
🗑
Antidote used for anticholinergic poisoning   Physostigmine  
🗑
Antidote used for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning   Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM)  
🗑
Antidote used for iron salt toxicity   Deferoxamine  
🗑
Antidote used for acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity   N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)  
🗑
Antidote for arsenic, mercury, lead, and gold poisoning   Dimercaprol  
🗑
Antidote used in poisonings: copper (Wilson's disease), lead, mercury, and arsenic   Penicillamine  
🗑
Antidote used for heparin toxicity   Protamine  
🗑
Antidote used for warfarin toxicity   Vitamin and Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)  
🗑
Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase   Aminocaproic acid  
🗑
Antidote used for methanol and ethylene glycol   Ethanol  
🗑
Antidote used for opioid toxicity   Naloxone (IV), naltrexone (PO)  
🗑
Antidote used for benzodiazepine toxicity   Flumazenil  
🗑
Antidote used for tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)   Sodium bicarbonate  
🗑
Antidote used for carbon monoxide poisoning   100% O2 and hyperbaric O2  
🗑
Antidote used for digitalis toxicity   Digibind (also need to d/c digoxin, normalize K+, and lidocaine if pt. Is arrhythmic)  
🗑
Antidote used for beta agonist toxicity (eg. Metaproterenol)   Esmolol  
🗑
Antidote for methotrexate toxicity   Leucovorin  
🗑
Antidote for beta-blockers and hypoglycemia   Glucagon  
🗑
Antidote useful for some drug induced Torsade de pointes   Magnesium sulfate  
🗑
Antidote for hyperkalemia   sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)  
🗑
Antidote for salicylate intoxication   Alkalinize urine, dialysis  
🗑
Cancer Chemotherapy Constant proportion of cell population killed rather than a constant number   Log-kill hypothesis  
🗑
Treatment with cancer chemotherapy at high doses every 3-4 weeks, too toxic to be used continuously   Pulse therapy  
🗑
Toxic effect of anticancer drug can be lessened by rescue agents   Rescue therapy  
🗑
Drug used concurrently with toxic anticancer agents to reduce renal precipitation of urates   Allopurinol  
🗑
Pyrimidine analog that causes "Thiamine-less death" given with leucovorin rescue   5-flouracil (5-FU)  
🗑
Drug used in cancer therapy causes Cushing-like symptoms   Prednisone  
🗑
Side effect of Mitomycin   SEVERE myelosuppression  
🗑
MOA of cisplatin   Alkylating agent  
🗑
Common toxicities of cisplatin   Nephro and ototoxicity  
🗑
Analog of hypoxanthine, needs HGPRTase for activation   6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)  
🗑
Interaction with this drug requires dose reduction of 6-MP   Allopurinol  
🗑
May protect against doxorubicin toxic by scavenging free radicals   Dexrazoxane  
🗑
Blows DNA (breaks DNA strands), limiting SE is pulmonary fibrosis   Bleomycin  
🗑
Bleomycin+vinblastine+etoposide+cisplatin produce almost a 100% response when all agents are used for this neoplasm   Testicular cancer  
🗑
MOPP regimen used in Hodgkin's disease (HD)   Mechlorethamine+ oncovorin (vincristine)+ procarbazine, and prednisone  
🗑
ABVD regimen used for HD, but appears less likely to cause sterility and secondary malignancies than MOPP   Adriamycin (doxorubicin) +bleomycin, vinblastine +dacarbazine  
🗑
Regimen used for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma   COP (cyclophosphamide, oncovin(vincristine), and prednisone)  
🗑
Regimen used for breast cancer   CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) and tamoxifen if ER+  
🗑
Alkylating agent, vesicant that causes tissue damage with extravasation   Mechlorethamine  
🗑
Anticancer drug also used in RA, produces acrolein in urine that leads to hemorrhagic cystitis   Cyclophosphamide  
🗑
Prevention of cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis   Hydration and mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA)  
🗑
Microtubule inhibitor that causes peripheral neuropathy, foot drop (eg. ataxia), and "pins and needles" sensation   Vincristine  
🗑
Interact with microtubules (but unlike vinca which prevent disassembly of tubules), it stabilizes tubulin and cells remain frozen in metaphase   Paclitaxel (taxol)  
🗑
Toxicities include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, leading to a severe interaction with aminoglycosides   Cisplatin  
🗑
Agent similar to cisplatin, less nephrotoxic, but greater myelosuppression   Carboplatin  
🗑
Converts asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, denies cancer cells of essential AA (asparagine)   L-asparaginase  
🗑
Used for hairy cell leukemia; it stimulates NK cells   Interferon alpha  
🗑
Anti-androgen used for prostate cancer   Flutamide (Eulexin)  
🗑
Anti-estrogen used for estrogen receptor + breast cancer   Tamoxifen  
🗑
Newer estrogen receptor antagonist used in advanced breast cancer   Toremifene (Fareston)  
🗑
Some cell cycle specific anti-cancer drugs   Bleomycin, vinca alkaloids, antimetabolites (eg., 5-FU, 6-MP, methotrexate, etoposide)  
🗑
Some cell cycle non-specific drugs   Alkylating agents (eg., mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide), antibiotics (doxorubicin, daunorubicin), cisplatin, nitrosourea  
🗑
Anti-emetics used in association with anti-cancer drugs that are 5-HT3 (serotonin receptor subtype ) antagonist   Odansetron, granisetron  
🗑
Nitrosoureas with high lipophilicity, used for brain tumors   Carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)  
🗑
Produces disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol   Procarbazine  
🗑
Endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones Somatostatin (SRIF) analog used for acromegaly, carcinoid, glucagonoma and other GH producing pituitary tumors   Octreotide  
🗑
Somatotropin (GH) analog used in GH deficiency (dwarfism)   Somatrem  
🗑
GHRH analog used as diagnostic agent   Sermorelin  
🗑
GnRH agonist used for infertility or different types of CA depending on pulsatile or steady usage respectively   Leuprolide  
🗑
GnRH antagonist with more immediate effects, used for infertility   Ganirelix  
🗑
Dopamine (DA) agonist (for Parkinson's disease), used also for hyperprolactinemia   Bromocriptine  
🗑
Hormone inhibiting prolactin release   Dopamine  
🗑
ACTH analog used for diagnosis of patients with corticosteroid abnormality   Cosyntropin  
🗑
Synthetic analog of ADH hormone used for diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis   Desmopressin (DDAVP)  
🗑
Thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs Most widely used thyroid drugs such as Synthroid and Levoxyl contain   L-thyroxine (T4)  
🗑
T3 compound less widely used   Cytomel  
🗑
Anti-thyroid drugs   Thioamides, iodides, radioactive iodine, and ipodate  
🗑
Thioamide agents used in hyperthyroidism   Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)  
🗑
Thioamide less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and should be used with extreme caution in pregnancy   PTU  
🗑
PTU (propylthiouracil) MOA   Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking iodination of the tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin  
🗑
Can be effective for short term therapy of thyroid storm, but after several weeks of therapy causes an exacerbation of hyperthyroidism   Iodide salts  
🗑
Permanently cures thyrotoxicosis, patients will need thyroid replacement therapy thereafter. Contraindicated in pregnancy   Radioactive iodine  
🗑
Radio contrast media that inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3   Ipodate  
🗑
Block cardiac adverse effects of thyrotoxicosis such as tachycardia, inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3   Beta-blockers such as propranolol  
🗑
Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagonists 3 zones of adrenal cortex and their products   Glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), fasciculata (glucocorticoid=GC), and reticularis (adrenal androgens)  
🗑
Pneumonic for 3 zones of adrenal cortex   GFR  
🗑
Used for Addison's disease, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), inflammation, allergies, and asthma (as a local inhalation)   Glucocorticoids  
🗑
Short acting GC's   Cortisone and hydrocortisone (equivalent to cortisol)  
🗑
Intermediate acting GC's   Prednisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and triamcinolone  
🗑
Long acting GC's   Betamethasone, dexamethasone, and paramethasone  
🗑
Mineralocorticoids   Fludrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone  
🗑
Some side effects of corticosteroids   Osteopenia, impaired wound healing, inc. risk of infection, inc. appetite, HTN, edema, PUD, euphoria, psychosis  
🗑
Period of time of therapy after which GC therapy will need to be tapered   5-7 days  
🗑
Inhibitors of corticosteroids biosynthesis Used for Cushing's syndrome (increased corticosteroid) and sometimes for adrenal function test   Metyrapone  
🗑
Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone therefore inhibiting corticosteroid synthesis   Aminoglutethimide  
🗑
Antifungal agent used for inhibition of all gonadal and adrenal steroids   Ketoconazole  
🗑
Antiprogestin used as potent antagonist of GC receptor   Mifepristone  
🗑
Diuretic used to antagonize aldosterone receptors   Spironolactone  
🗑
Common SE of spironolactone   Gynecomastia and hyperkalemia  
🗑
Gonadal hormones and inhibitors Slightly increased risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer, heart disease (questionable), has beneficial effects on bone loss   Estrogen  
🗑
Antiestrogen drugs used for fertility and breast cancer respectively   Clomiphene and tamoxifen  
🗑
Common SE of tamoxifen and raloxifene   Hot flashes  
🗑
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used for prevention of osteoporosis and currently being tested for treatment of breast cancer (Stars study)   Raloxifene  
🗑
Non-steroidal estrogen agonist causes clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used it during pregnancy   Diethylstilbestrol (DES)  
🗑
Estrogen mostly used in oral contraceptives (OC)   Ethinyl estradiol and mestranol  
🗑
Anti-progesterone used as abortifacient   Mifepristone (RU-486)  
🗑
Constant low dose of estrogen and increasing dose of progestin for 21 days (last 5 days are sugar pills or iron prep)   Combination oral contraceptives (OC)  
🗑
Oral contraceptive available in a transdermal patch   Ortho-Evra  
🗑
Converted to more active form DHT by 5 alpha-reductase   Testosterone  
🗑
5 alpha-reductase inhibitor used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern baldness   Finasteride (Proscar and Propecia respectively)  
🗑
Anabolic steroid that has potential for abuse   Nandrolone and stanozolol  
🗑
Anti-androgen used for hirsutism in females   Cyproterone acetate  
🗑
Drug is used with testosterone for male fertility   Leuprolide  
🗑
Pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics Alpha cells in the pancreas   Produce glucagon  
🗑
Beta cells in the pancreas   Produce insulin  
🗑
Beta cells are found   Islets of Langerhans  
🗑
Delta cells in the pancreas   Produce Somatostatin  
🗑
Product of proinsulin cleavage used to assess insulin abuse   C-peptide  
🗑
Exogenous insulin   Little C-peptide  
🗑
Endogenous insulin   Normal C-peptide  
🗑
Very rapid acting insulin, having fastest onset and shortest duration of action   Lispro (Humalog)  
🗑
Rapid acting, crystalline zinc insulin used to reverse acute hyperglycemia   Regular (Humulin R)  
🗑
Long acting insulin   Ultralente (humulin U)  
🗑
Ultra long acting insulin, has over a day duration of action   Glargine (Lantus)  
🗑
Major SE of insulin   Hypoglycemia  
🗑
Important in synthesis of glucose to glycogen in the liver   GLUT 2  
🗑
Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation   GLUT 4  
🗑
Examples of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGI)   Acarbose, miglitol  
🗑
MOA of AGI's   Act on intestine, delay absorption of glucose  
🗑
SE of AGI's   Flatulence (do not use beano to tx), diarrhea, abdominal cramps  
🗑
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor associated with elevation of LFT's   Acarbose  
🗑
Amino acid derivative   Nateglinide  
🗑
MOA of nateglinide   Insulin secretagogue  
🗑
Biguanide   Metformin  
🗑
Drugs available in combination with metformin   Glyburide, glipizide, and rosiglitazone  
🗑
MOA of metformin   Decreases hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption; increase insulin sensitivity  
🗑
Most important potential SE of metformin   Lactic acidosis  
🗑
Meglitinide   Repaglinide  
🗑
MOA of repaglinide   Insulin release from pancreas; faster and shorter acting than sulfonylurea  
🗑
First generation sulfonylurea   Chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, etc.  
🗑
Second generation sulfonylurea   Glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, etc.  
🗑
MOA of both generations   Insulin release from pancreas by modifying K+ channels  
🗑
Common SE of sulfonylureas, repaglinide, and nateglinide   Hypoglycemia  
🗑
Sulfonylurea NOT recommended for elderly because of very long half life   Chlorpropamide  
🗑
Thiazolidinediones   Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone (withdrawn/d from market)  
🗑
Reason troglitazone was withdrawn from market   Hepatic toxicity  
🗑
MOA of thiazolindinediones   Stimulate PPAR-gamma receptor to regulate CHO and lipid metabolism  
🗑
SE of Thiazolindinediones   Edema, mild anemia; interaction with drugs that undergo CytP450 3A4 metabolism  
🗑
Hyperglycemic agent that increases cAMP and results in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, reverses hypoglycemia, also used to reverse severe beta-blocker overdose and smooth muscle relaxation   Glucagon  
🗑
Drugs used in bone homeostasis Available bisphosphonates   Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, pamidronate, tiludronate, and zoledronic acid  
🗑
MOA of Bisphosphonates   Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption  
🗑
Only bisphosphonates available IV   Etidronate  
🗑
Uses of bisphosphonates   Osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and osteolytic bone lesions, and hypercalcemia from malignancy  
🗑
Major SE of bisphosphonates   Chemical esophagitis  
🗑
Bisphosphonates that cannot be used on continuous basis because it caused osteomalacia   Etidronate  
🗑
Used for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women   Estrogen (HRT-Hormone replacement therapy)  
🗑
Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA tx.   Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator)  
🗑
Used intranasally and decreases bone resorption   Calcitonin (salmon prep)  
🗑
Used especially in postmenopausal women, dosage should be 1500 mg   Calcium  
🗑
Vitamin given with calcium to ensure proper absorption   Vitamin D  
🗑
Drugs with important actions on smooth muscle Disease caused by excess ergot alkaloids   St. Anthony's Fire  
🗑
Endogenous substances commonly interpreted as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and vasoactive peptides   Autocoids  
🗑
Syndrome of hypersecretion of gastric acid and pepsin usually caused by gastrinoma; it is associated with severe peptic ulceration and diarrhea   Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome  
🗑
Drug that causes contraction of the uterus   Oxytocin  
🗑
Distribution of histamine receptors H1, H2, and H3   Smooth muscle; stomach, heart, and mast cells; nerve endings, CNS respectively  
🗑
Prototype antagonist of H1 and H2 receptors   Diphenhydramine  
🗑
1st generation antihistamine that is highly sedating   Diphendydramine  
🗑
1st generation antihistamine that is least sedating   Chlorpheniramine or cyclizine  
🗑
2nd generation antihistamines   Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine  
🗑
Generation of antihistamine that has the most CNS effects   First generation due to being more lipid-soluble  
🗑
Major indication for H1 receptor antagonist   Use in IgE mediated allergic reaction  
🗑
Antihistamine that can be used for anxiety and insomnia and is not addictive   hydroxyzine (Atarax)  
🗑
H1 antagonist used in motion sickness   Dimenhydrinate, meclizine, and other 1st generation  
🗑
Most common side effect of 1st generation antihistamines   Sedation  
🗑
Lethal arrhythmias resulting from concurrent therapy with azole fungals (metabolized by CYP 3A4) and these antihistamines which inhibit the 3A4 iso-enzyme.   Terfenadine and astemizole (have been removed from the market)  
🗑
H2 blocker that causes the most interactions with other drugs   Cimetidine  
🗑
Clinical use for H2 blockers   Acid reflux disease, duodenal ulcer and peptic ulcer disease  
🗑
Receptors for serotonin (5HT-1) are located   Mostly in the brain, and they mediate synaptic inhibition via increased K+ conductance  
🗑
" 5HT-1d agonist used for migraine headaches "   Sumatriptan, naratriptan, and rizatriptan  
🗑
Triptan available in parenteral and nasal formulation   Sumatriptan  
🗑
H1 blocker that is also a serotonin antagonist   Cyproheptadine  
🗑
5HT2 antagonist mediate synaptic excitation in the CNS and smooth muscle contraction   Ketanserin, cyproheptadine, and ergot alkaloids (partial agonist of alpha and serotonin receptors)  
🗑
Agents for reduction of postpartum bleeding   Ergonovine and ergotamine  
🗑
Agents used in treatment of carcinoid tumor   Ketanserin cyproheptadine, and phenoxybenzamine  
🗑
"5HT-3 antagonist used in chemotherapeutic induced emesis "   "Ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron and alosetron "  
🗑
5ht-3 antagonist that has been associated with QRS and QTc prolongation and should not be used in patients with heart disease   Dolasetron  
🗑
DOC of chemo induced nausea and vomiting   Odansetron  
🗑
Drug used in ergot alkaloids overdose, ischemia and gangrene   Nitroprusside  
🗑
Reason ergot alkaloids are contraindicated in pregnancy   Uterine contractions  
🗑
SE of ergot alkaloids   Hallucinations resembling psychosis  
🗑
Ergot alkaloid used as an illicit drug   LSD  
🗑
Dopamine agonist used in hyperprolactinemia   Bromocriptine  
🗑
Peptide causing increased capillary permeability and edema   Bradykinin and histamine  
🗑
Mediator of tissue pain, edema, inactivated by ACE, and may be a contributing factor to the development of angioedema   Bradykinin  
🗑
Drug causing depletion of substance P (vasodilator)   Capsaicin  
🗑
Prostaglandins that cause abortions   Prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) PGE2, and PGF2alpha  
🗑
" Difference between COX 1 and COX 2 "   "COX 1 is found throughout the body and COX 2 is only in inflammatory tissue"  
🗑
Drug that selectively inhibits COX 2   Celecoxib, valdecoxib, and rofecoxib  
🗑
Inhibitor of lipoxygenase   Zileuton  
🗑
Major SE of zileuton   Liver toxicity  
🗑
Inhibitor of leukotrienes (LTD4) receptors and used in asthma   Zafirlukast and montelukast  
🗑
Used in pediatrics to maintain patency of ductus arteriosis   PGE1  
🗑
Approved for use in severe pulmonary HTN   PGI2 (epoprostenol)  
🗑
Prostaglandin used in the treatment impotence   Alprostadil  
🗑
Irreversible, nonselective COX inhibitor   Aspirin  
🗑
Class of drugs that reversibly inhibit COX   NSAIDS  
🗑
Primary endogenous substrate for Nitric Oxidase Synthase   Arginine  
🗑
MOA and effect of nitric oxide   Stimulates cGMP which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation  
🗑
Long acting beta 2 agonist used in asthma   Salmeterol  
🗑
Muscarinic antagonist used in asthma   Ipratropium  
🗑
MOA action of cromolyn   Mast cell stabilizer  
🗑
Enzyme which theophylline inhibits   Phosphodiesterase  
🗑
Methylxanthine derivative used as a remedy for intermittent claudication   Pentoxifylline  
🗑
Antidote for severe CV toxicity of theophylline   Beta blockers  
🗑
" MOA of corticosteroids"   inhibit phospholipase A2  
🗑
SE of long term (>5 days) corticosteroid therapy and remedy   Adrenal suppression and weaning slowly, respectively  
🗑
Antimicrobials MOA of quinolones   Inhibit DNA gyrase  
🗑
MOA of penicillin   Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linkage  
🗑
Drug used for MRSA   Vancomycin  
🗑
Vancomycin MOA   Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis  
🗑
Type of resistance found with vancomycin   Point mutation  
🗑
Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients   Rifampin  
🗑
Technique used to diagnose perianal itching, and the drug used to treat it   "Scotch tape technique and mebendazole"  
🗑
Two toxicities of aminoglycosides   nephro and ototoxicity  
🗑
DOC for Legionnaires' disease   Erythromycin  
🗑
MOA of sulfonamides   Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase  
🗑
Penicillins active against penicillinase secreting bacteria   Methicillin, nafcillin, and dicloxacillin  
🗑
Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic DOC of otitis media   Amoxicillin  
🗑
Class of antibiotics that have 10% cross sensitivity with penicillins   Cephalosporins  
🗑
PCN active against pseudomonas   Carbenicillin, piperacillin and ticarcillin  
🗑
Antibiotic causing red-man syndrome, and prevention   "Vancomycin, infusion at a slow rate and antihistamines"  
🗑
Drug causes teeth discoloration   Tetracycline  
🗑
MOA of tetracycline   Decreases protein synthesis by inhibiting 30S ribosome  
🗑
Drug that causes gray baby syndrome and aplastic anemia   Chloramphenicol  
🗑
Drug notorious for causing pseudomembranous colitis   Clindamycin  
🗑
DOC for tx of pseudomembranous colitis   Metronidazole  
🗑
Treatment of resistant pseudomembranous colitis   ORAL vancomycin  
🗑
Anemia caused by trimethoprim   Megaloblastic anemia  
🗑
Reason fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in children and pregnancy   Cartilage damage  
🗑
DOC for giardia, bacterial vaginosis, pseudomembranous colitis, and trichomonas   Metronidazole  
🗑
Treatment for TB patients (think RIPE)   Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol  
🗑
Metronidazole SE if given with alcohol   Disulfiram-like reaction  
🗑
Common side effect of Rifampin   Red urine discoloration  
🗑
MOA of nystatin   Bind ergosterol in fungal cell membrane  
🗑
Neurotoxicity with isoniazid (INH) prevented by   Administration of Vit. B6 (pyridoxine)  
🗑
Toxicity of amphotericin   Nephrotoxicity  
🗑
SE seen only in men with administration of ketoconazole   Gynecomastia  
🗑
Topical DOC in impetigo   Topical mupirocin (Bactroban)  
🗑
DOC for influenza A   Amantadine  
🗑
DOC for RSV   Ribavirin  
🗑
DOC for CMV retinitis   Ganciclovir  
🗑
SE for ganciclovir   Neutro, leuko and thrombocytopenia  
🗑
Anti-viral agents associated with Stephen Johnson syndrome Nevirapine, amprenavir HIV antiviral class known to have severe drug interactions by causing inhibition of metabolism   Protease inhibitors  
🗑
Antivirals that are teratogens   Delavirdine, efavirenz, and ribavirin  
🗑
Antivirals associated with neutropenia   Ganciclovir, zidovudine, saquinavir, and interferon  
🗑
HIV med used to reduce transmission during birth   AZT (zidovudine)  
🗑
Drug used for African sleeping sickness   Suramin  
🗑
Drug used in Chagas disease   Nifurtimox  
🗑
Cephalosporins able to cross the BBB   Cefixime (2nd) and 3rd generation  
🗑
Drug used for N. gonorrhea in females   Ceftriaxone  
🗑
Cephalosporin causes kernicterus in neonates   Ceftriaxone or cefuroxime  
🗑
SE of INH   Peripheral neuritis and hepatitis  
🗑
Aminoglycoside that is least ototoxic   Streptomycin  
🗑
Drug used in exoerythrocytic cycle of malaria   Primaquine  
🗑
Oral antibiotic of choice for moderate inflammatory acne   Minocycline  
🗑
Drug of choice for leprosy   Dapsone  
🗑
DOC for herpes and its MOA   Acyclovir and inhibits thymidine kinase Acyclovir and inhibits thymidine kinase  
🗑
Anti-microbials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients   Sulfonamides  
🗑
MOA of erythromycin   Inhibition of protein synthesis at the 50s subunit of ribosome  
🗑
Anti-biotic frequently used for chronic UTI prophylaxis   sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim  
🗑
Lactam that can be used in PCN allergic patients   Aztreonam  
🗑
SE of imipenem   Seizures  
🗑
Anti-viral with a dose limiting toxicity of pancreatitis   Didanosine  
🗑
Sedative Hypnotics Common side effect of hypnotic agents   Sedation  
🗑
Occurs when sedative hypnotics are used chronically or at high doses   Tolerance  
🗑
The most common type of drug interaction of sedative hypnotics with other depressant medications   Additive CNS depression  
🗑
Benzodiazepines Major effect of benzodiazepines on sleep at high doses   REM is decreased  
🗑
Neurologic SE of benzodiazepines   Anterograde amnesia  
🗑
Reason benzos are used cautiously in pregnancy   Ability to cross the placenta  
🗑
Main route of metabolism for benzodiazepines   Hepatic  
🗑
Benzodiazepine that undergo extrahepatic conjugation (which are useful in older or hepatically impaired)   Lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam  
🗑
"MOA for benzodiazepines "   increase the FREQUENCY of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel opening  
🗑
Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects)   Flumazenil  
🗑
Benzodiazepine with useful relaxant effects in skeletal muscle spasticity of central origin   Diazepam  
🗑
Benzodiazepine that has efficacy against absence seizures and in anxiety states, such as agoraphobia   Clonazepam  
🗑
Benzodiazepines that are the most effective in the treatment of panic disorder   Alprazolam and Clonazepam  
🗑
"Benzodiazepine that is used for anesthesia "   Midazolam  
🗑
DOC for status epilepticus   Diazepam  
🗑
Longer acting benzodiazepines used in the management of withdrawal states of alcohol and other drugs   Chlordiazepoxide and Diazepam  
🗑
Agents having active metabolites, long half lives, and a high incidence of adverse effects   Diazepam, Flurazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and clorazepate  
🗑
Barbiturates Barbiturates may precipitate this hematologic condition   Acute intermittent porphyria  
🗑
Barbiturates decrease the effectiveness of many other drugs via this pharmacokinetics property   Liver enzyme INDUCTION  
🗑
Barbiturates MOA   Increase the DURATION of GABA-mediated chloride ion channels  
🗑
Barbiturate used for the induction of anesthesia   Thiopental  
🗑
Alcohols Important drug interaction with chloral hydrate   May displace coumadin from plasma proteins  
🗑
Others Site of action for zaleplon and zolpidem   Benzodiazepine receptor BZ1 (although are not considered benzodiazepines)  
🗑
Good hypnotic activity with less CNS SE than most benzodiazepines   Zolpidem, zaleplon  
🗑
Agent that is a partial agonist for the 5-HT1A receptor   Buspirone  
🗑
Drug of choice for generalized anxiety disorder, NOT effective in acute anxiety   Buspirone  
🗑
Alcohols Agent that is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)   Ethanol  
🗑
Agent with zero-order kinetics   Ethanol  
🗑
Rate limiting step of alcohol metabolism   Aldehyde dehydrogenase  
🗑
System that increases in activity with chronic exposure and may contribute to tolerance   MEOS  
🗑
Agent that metabolize acetaldehyde to acetate   Aldehyde dehydrogenase  
🗑
Agents that inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase   Disulfiram, metronidazole, certain sulfonylureas and cephalosporins  
🗑
Agent used in the treatment of alcoholism, if alcohol is consumed concurrently, acetaldehyde builds up and results in nausea, headache, flushing, and hypotension   Disulfiram  
🗑
The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics   Peripheral neuropathy (also excessive alcohol use is associated with HTN, anemia, and MI)  
🗑
Agent that is teratogen and causes a fetal syndrome   Alcohol  
🗑
Agent that is the antidote for methanol overdose   Alcohol  
🗑
Drug that inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and is used in ethylene glycol exposure   Fomepizole  
🗑
Anti seizure Drugs Most frequent route of metabolism   Hepatic enzymes  
🗑
Mechanisms of action for Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine   Sodium blockade  
🗑
MOA for benzodiazepines and barbiturates   GABA-related targets  
🗑
MOA for Ethosuximide   Calcium channels  
🗑
MOA for Valproic acid at high doses   Affect calcium, potassium, and sodium channels  
🗑
Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures   Valproic acid and Phenytoin  
🗑
DOC for febrile seizures   Phenobarbital  
🗑
Drugs of choice for absence seizures   Ethosuximide and valproic acid  
🗑
Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures   Valproic acid  
🗑
Drugs of choice for status epilepticus   IV diazepam or phenytoin (for prolonged therapy not acute)  
🗑
Drugs that can be used for infantile spasms   Corticosteroids  
🗑
Anti-seizure drugs used also for bipolar affective disorder (BAD)   Valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenytoin and gabapentin  
🗑
Anti-seizure drugs used also for Trigeminal neuralgia   Carbamazepine  
🗑
Anti-seizure drugs used also for pain of neuropathic orgin   Gabapentin  
🗑
Anti-seizure agent that exhibits non-linear metabolism, highly protein bound, causes fetal hydantoin syndrome, and stimulates hepatic metabolism   Phenytoin  
🗑
SE of phenytoin   Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia  
🗑
Anti-seizure agent that induces formation of liver drug-metabolism enzymes, is teratogen and can cause craniofacial anomalies and spina bifida   Carbamazepine  
🗑
Agent that inhibits hepatic metabolism, is hepatotoxic and teratogen that can cause neural tube defects and gastrointestinal distress   Valproic acid  
🗑
Laboratory value required to be monitored for patients on valproic acid   Serum ammonia and LFT's  
🗑
SE for Lamotrigine   Stevens-Johnson syndrome  
🗑
SE for Felbamate   Aplastic anemia and acute hepatic failure  
🗑
Anti-seizure medication also used in the prevention of migraines   Valproic acid  
🗑
Carbamazepine may cause   Agranulocytosis  
🗑
Anti-seizure drugs used as alternative drugs for mood stabilization   Carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and valproic acid  
🗑
General Anesthetics MOA of general anesthetics   Unclear, thought to increase the threshold for firing of CNS neurons  
🗑
Inhaled anesthetic with a low blood/gas partition coefficient   Nitrous oxide  
🗑
Inversely related to potency of anesthetics   Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC)  
🗑
Inhaled anesthetics metabolized by liver enzymes which has a major role in the toxicity of these agents   Halothane and methoxyflurane  
🗑
Most inhaled anesthetics SE   Decrease arterial blood pressure  
🗑
Inhaled anesthetics are myocardial depressants   Enflurane and halothane  
🗑
Inhaled anesthetic causes peripheral vasodilation   Isoflurane  
🗑
Inhaled anesthetic that may sensitize the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and has produced hepatitis   Halothane  
🗑
Inhaled anesthetics, less likely to lower blood pressure than other agents, and has the smallest effect on respiration   Nitrous oxide  
🗑
Fluoride released by metabolism of this inhaled anesthetic may cause renal insufficiency   Methoxyflurane  
🗑
Prolonged exposure to this inhaled anesthetic may lead to megaloblastic anemia   Nitrous oxide  
🗑
Pungent inhaled anesthetic which leads to high incidence of coughing and vasospasm   Desflurane  
🗑
DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics   Dantrolene  
🗑
IV barbiturate used as a pre-op anesthetic   Thiopental  
🗑
Benzodiazepine used adjunctively in anesthesia   Midazolam  
🗑
Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose   Flumazenil  
🗑
This produces "dissociative anesthesia", is a cardiovascular stimulant which may increases intracranial pressure, and hallucinations occur during recovery   Ketamine  
🗑
Opioid associated with respiratory depression, but is used in high risk patients who may not survive full general anesthetia   Fentanyl  
🗑
State of analgesia and amnesia produced when fentanyl is used with droperidol and nitrous oxide   Neuroleptanesthesia  
🗑
Produces both rapid anesthesia and recovery, has antiemetic activity and commonly used for outpatient surgery, may cause marked hypotension   Propofol  
🗑
Local Anesthetics MOA of local anesthetics (LA's)   Block voltage-dependent sodium channels  
🗑
This may enhance activity of local anesthetics   Hyperkalemia  
🗑
This may antagonize activity of local anesthetics   Hypercalcemia  
🗑
Almost all local anesthetics have this property and sometimes require the administration of vasoconstrictors (ex. Epinephrine) to prolong activity   Vasodilation  
🗑
Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictive property, favored for head, neck, and pharyngeal surgery   Cocaine  
🗑
Longer acting local anesthetics which are less dependent on vasoconstrictors   Tetracaine and bupivacaine  
🗑
These LA's have surface activity   Cocaine and benzocaine  
🗑
Most important toxic effects of most local anesthetics   CNS toxicity  
🗑
Commonly abused LA which has cardiovascular toxicity including severe hypertension with cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction   Cocaine  
🗑
LA causing methemoglobinemia   Prilocaine  
🗑
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Structurally related to acetylcholine, used to produce muscle paralysis in order to facilitate surgery or artifical ventilation. Full doses lead to respiratory paralysis and require ventilation   Neuromuscular blocking drugs  
🗑
These drugs strongly potentiate and prolong effect of neuromuscular blockade (NMB)   Inhaled anesthetics, especially isoflurane, aminoglycosides, and antiarrhythmic  
🗑
These prevent the action of Ach at the skeletal muscle endplate to produce a "surmountable blockade," effect is reversed by cholinesterase inhibitors (ex. neostigmine or pyridostigmine)   Nondepolarizing type antagonists  
🗑
Agent with long duration of action and is sost likely to cause histamine release   Tubocurarine  
🗑
Non-depolarizing antagonist has short duration   Mivacurium  
🗑
Agent can blocking muscarinic receptors   Pancuronium  
🗑
Agent undergoing Hofmann elimination (breaking down spontaneously)   Atracurium  
🗑
One depolarizing blocker that causes continuous depolarization and results in muscle relaxation and paralysis, xcuses muscle pain postoperatively and myoglobinuria may occur   Succinylcholine  
🗑
During Phase I these agents worsen the paralysis by succinylcholine, but during phase II they reverse the blockade produced by succinylcholine   Cholinesterase inhibitors  
🗑
Spasmolytic drugs Agents acting in the CNS or in the skeletal muscle, used to reduce abnormally elevated tone caused by neurologic or muscle end plate disease   Spasmolytic drugs  
🗑
Facilitates GABA presynaptic inhibition   Diazepam  
🗑
GABA agonist in the spinal cord   Baclofen  
🗑
Similar to clonidine and may cause hypotension   Tizanidine  
🗑
DOC for malignant hyperthermia by acting on the sacroplasmic reticulum or skeletal muscle   Dantrolene  
🗑
Agent used for acute muscle spasm   Cyclobenzaprine  
🗑
Drugs Used in Parkinsonism & Other Movement Disorders Antipsychotics, reserpine at high doses, and MPTP (by-product of illicit meperidine analog) and is irreversible   Drug induced Parkinsonism  
🗑
Agent used in drug therapy of Parkinson's instead of Dopamine which has low bioavailability and does not cross the BBB   L-dopa  
🗑
This is combined with L-dopa, inhibits DOPA decarboxylase (active only peripherally) which allows lower effective doses of L-dopa and allows for fewer SE's (GI distress, postural hypotension, and dyskinesias)   Carbidopa  
🗑
Clinical response that may fluctuate in tx of Parkinson's dx   "On-off-phenomenon"  
🗑
Anti-Parkinson's drug which increases intraocular pressure and is contraindicated in closed angle glaucoma   Levodopa  
🗑
Ergot alkaloid that is a partial agonist at D2 receptors in the brain, used for patients who are refractory or cannot tolerate levodopa, causes erythromelalgia   Bromocriptine  
🗑
Non ergot agents used as first-line therapy in the initial management of Parkinson's   Pramipexole and ropinirole  
🗑
Enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission SE's include CNS excitation, acute toxic psychosis and livedo reticularis   Amantadine  
🗑
Inhibitor of MAO type B which metabolizes dopamine, used adjunct to levodopa or as sole agent in newly diagnosed pt's   Selegiline  
🗑
Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), used as adjuncts in Parkinson's dx and cause acute hepatic failure (monitor LFT's)   Entacapone and Tolcapone  
🗑
Agent decreases the excitatory actions of cholinergic neurons. May improve tremor and rigidity but have LITTLE effect on bradykinesia. Atropine-like side effects   Benztropine  
🗑
Agent effective in physiologic and essential tremor   Propranolol  
🗑
Agents used in Huntington's Disease   Tetrabenazine (amine depleting drug), Haloperidol (antipsychotic)  
🗑
Agents used in Tourette's dx   Haloperidol or pimozide  
🗑
Chelating agent used in Wilson's disease   Penicillamine  
🗑
Antipsychotics Extrapyramidal dysfunction is more common with these agents, which block this subtype of dopamine receptor   Older antipsychotic agents, D2 receptors  
🗑
Side effects occuring in antipsychotics that block dopamine   Hyperprolactinemia, menorrhea, galactorrhea, confusion, mood changes, decreased sexual interest, and weight gain  
🗑
Antipsychotics that reduce positive symptoms only   Older antipsychotics  
🗑
Newer atypical antipsychotics that also improve some of the negative symptoms and help acute agitation   Olanzapine, aripiprazole, and sertindole  
🗑
Antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia   Risperidone  
🗑
Atypical antipsychotic causing high prolactin levels   Risperidone  
🗑
Newer atypical antipsychotic used for bipolar disorder, known to cause weight gain, and adversely affect diabetes   Olanzapine  
🗑
Agent more frequently associated with extrapyramidal side effects that can be treated with benzodiazepine, diphenhydramine or muscarinic blocker   Haloperidol  
🗑
Drug used in neuroleptic malignant syndrome   Dantrolene  
🗑
Agents may exacerbate tardive dyskinesias (may be irreversible and there is no treatment) Muscarinic blockers Antipsychotic having the strongest autonomic effects   Thioridazine  
🗑
Antipsychotic having the weakest autonomic effects   Haloperidol  
🗑
Antipsychotic that does not block muscarinic or histamine receptors, and it prolongs the QT interval   Sertindole  
🗑
Only phenothiazine not exerting antiemetic effects, can cause visual impairment due to retinal deposits, and high doses have been associated with ventricular arrhythmias   Thioridazine  
🗑
Agent having no effect on D2 receptors, blocks D4, reserved for resistant schizophrenia, and can cause agranulocytosis   Clozapine  
🗑
Anti-psychotic not shown to cause tardive dyskinesia   Clozapine  
🗑
Anti-psychotics available in depot preparation   Fluphenazine and haloperidol  
🗑
Reduced seizure threshold   Low-potency typical antipsychotics and clozapine  
🗑
Orthostatic hypotension and QT prolongation   Low potency and risperidone  
🗑
Increased risk of developing cataracts   Quetiapine  
🗑
Lithium Major route of elimination for Lithium   Kidneys  
🗑
Patients being treated with lithium, who are dehydrated, or taking diuretics concurrently, could develop   Lithium toxicity  
🗑
Drug increases the renal clearance hence decreases levels of lithium   Theophylline  
🗑
Lithium is associated with this congenital defect   Cardiac anomalies and is contraindicated in pregnancy or lactation  
🗑
DOC for bipolar affective disorder   Lithium  
🗑
SE of lithium   Tremor, sedation, ataxia, aphasia, thyroid enlargement, and reversible diabetes insipidus  
🗑
Antidepressants Example of three antidepressants that are indicated for obsessive compulsive disorder   Clomipramine, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine  
🗑
Neurotransmitters affected by the action of antidepressants   Norepinephrine and serotonin  
🗑
Usual time needed for full effect of antidepressant therapy   2 to 3 weeks  
🗑
Population group especially sensitive to side effects of antidepressants   Elderly patients  
🗑
All antidepressants have roughly the same efficacy in treating depression, agents are chosen based on these criterion   Side-effect profile and prior pt response  
🗑
Well-tolerated and are first-line antidepressants   SSRI's, bupropion, and venlafaxine  
🗑
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) Most useful in patients with significant anxiety, phobic features, hypochondriasis, and resistant depression   Monamine oxidase inhibitors  
🗑
Condition will result from in combination of MAOI with tyramine containing foods (ex. wine, cheese, and pickled meats)   Hypertensive crisis  
🗑
MAOI should not be administered with SSRI's or potent TCA's due to development of this condition   Serotonin syndrome  
🗑
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) Sedation is a common side effect of these drugs, they lower seizure threshold, uses include BAD, acute panic attacks, phobias, enuresis, and chronic pain and their overdose can be deadly   Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)  
🗑
Three C's associated with TCA toxicity   Coma, Convulsions, Cardiac problems (arrhythmias and wide QRS)  
🗑
Agents having higher sedation and antimuscarinic effects than other TCA's   Tertiary amines  
🗑
TCA used in chronic pain, a hypnotic, and has marked antimuscarinic effects   Amitriptyline  
🗑
TCA used in chronic pain, enuresis, and ADD   Imipramine  
🗑
TCA with greatest sedation of this group, and marked antimuscarinic effects, used for sleep   Doxepin  
🗑
TCA used in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), most significant of TCA's for risk of seizure, weight gain, and neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms   Clomipramine  
🗑
Secondary amines that have less sedation and more excitation effect   Nortriptyline, Desipramine  
🗑
Heterocyclics Antidepressant associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome   Amoxapine  
🗑
Antidepressant associated with seizures and cardiotoxicity   Maprotiline  
🗑
Antidepressant having stimulant effects similar to SSRI's and can increase blood pressure   Venlafaxine  
🗑
Antidepressant inhibiting norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine reuptake   Venlafaxine  
🗑
Antidepressant also used for sleep that causes priapism   Trazodone  
🗑
Antidepressant which is inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes and may be associated with hepatic failure   Nefazodone  
🗑
Heterocyclic antidepressants least likely to affect sexual performance, used for management of nicotine withdrawal, SE's include dizziness, dry mouth, aggravation of psychosis, and seizures   Bupropion  
🗑
Antidepressant with MOA as alpha 2 antagonist, has effects on both 5-HT and NE, blocks histamine receptors, and is sedating   Mirtazapine  
🗑
SE of mirtazapine   Liver toxicity, increased serum cholesterol  
🗑
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) Except for these agents all SSRI have significant inhibition of CytP450 enzymes   Citalopram and its metabolite escitalopram  
🗑
SSRI with long T1/2 and can be administered once weekly for maintenance, not acute tx   Fluoxetine  
🗑
SSRI indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder   Fluoxetine (Sarafem)  
🗑
Some of SSRIs' therapeutic effects beside depression   Panic attacks, social phobias, bulimia nervosa, and PMDD premenstrual dysphoric disorder), OCD  
🗑
SSRI's less likely to cause a withdrawal syndrome   Fluoxetine  
🗑
Opioid Analgesics & Antagonists Inhibit synaptic activity of primary afferents and spinal cord pain transmission neurons   Ascending pathways  
🗑
Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release   Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors  
🗑
Activation of these receptors open K+ ion channels to cause membrane hyperpolarization   Postsynaptic Mu receptors  
🗑
Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except   Miosis and constipation  
🗑
All opioids except this agent (which has a muscarinic blocking action) cause pupillary constriction   Meperidine  
🗑
SE of these drugs include dependence, withdrawal syndrome, sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression nausea and vomiting, constipation, biliary spasm, increased ureteral and bladder tone, and reduction in uterine tone   Opioid Analgesics  
🗑
Strong opioid agonists   Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl  
🗑
Opioids used in anesthesia   Morphine and fentanyl  
🗑
Opioid used in the management of withdrawal states   Methadone  
🗑
Opioid available trans-dermally   Fentanyl  
🗑
Opioid that can be given PO, by epidural, and IV, which helps to relieve the dyspnea of pulmonary edema   Morphine  
🗑
Use of this opioid with MAOI can lead to hyperpyrexic coma, and with SSRI's can lead to serotonin syndrome   Meperidine  
🗑
Moderate opioid agonists   Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone  
🗑
Weak opioid agonist, poor analgesic, its overdose can cause severe toxicity including respiratory depression, circulatory collapse, pulmonary edema, and seizures   Propoxyphene  
🗑
Partial agonist or mixed antagonists Partial opioid agonist, considered a strong analgesic, has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal   Buprenorphine  
🗑
Opioid antagonist that is given IV and had short DOA   Naloxone  
🗑
Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs   Naltrexone  
🗑
These agents are used as antitussive   Dextromethorphan, Codeine  
🗑
These agents are used as antidiarrheal   Diphenoxylate, Loperamide  
🗑
Drugs of Abuse Inhalant anesthetics   NO, chloroform, and diethyl ether  
🗑
Toxic to the liver, kidney, lungs, bone marrow, peripheral nerves, and cause brain damage in animals, sudden death has occurred following inhalation   Fluorocarbons and Industrial solvents  
🗑
Cause dizziness, tachycardia, hypotension, and flushing   Organic nitrites  
🗑
Causes acne, premature closure of epiphyses, masculinization in females, hepatic dysfunction, MI, and increases in libido and aggression   Steroids  
🗑
Readily detected markers that may assist in diagnosis of the cause of a drug overdose include   Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, sweating, bowel signs, and pupillary responses  
🗑
Opioid Analgesics Most commonly abused in health care professionals   Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, meperidine and fentanyl  
🗑
This route is associated with rapid tolerance and psychologic dependence   IV administration  
🗑
Leads to respiratory depression progressing to coma and death   Overdose of opioids  
🗑
Lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, sweating, weakness, gooseflesh, nausea, and vomiting, tremor, muscle jerks, and hyperpnea are signs of this syndrome   Abstinence syndrome  
🗑
Treatment for opioid addiction   Methadone, followed by slow dose reduction  
🗑
This agent may cause more severe, rapid and intense symptoms to a recovering addict   Naloxone  
🗑
Sedative-Hypnotics Sedative-Hypnotics action   Reduce inhibition, suppress anxiety, and produce relaxation  
🗑
Additive effects when Sedative-Hypnotics used in combination with these agents   CNS depressants  
🗑
Common mechanism by which overdose result in death   Depression of medullary and cardiovascular centers  
🗑
"Date rape drug"   Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)  
🗑
The most important sign of withdrawal syndrome   Excessive CNS stimulation (seizures)  
🗑
Treatment of withdrawal syndrome involves   Long-acting sedative-hypnotic or a gradual reduction of dose, clonidine or propranolol  
🗑
These agents are CNS depressants   Ethanol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines  
🗑
Stimulants Withdrawal from this drug causes lethargy, irritability, and headache   Caffeine  
🗑
W/D from this drug causes anxiety and mental discomfort   Nicotine  
🗑
Treatments available for nicotine addiction   Patches, gum, nasal spray, psychotherapy, and bupropion  
🗑
Chronic high dose abuse of nicotine leads to   Psychotic state, overdose causes agitation, restlessness, tachycardia, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, and seizures  
🗑
Tolerance is marked and abstinence syndrome occurs   Amphetamines  
🗑
Amphetamine agents   Dextroamphetamines and methamphetamine  
🗑
These agents are congeners of Amphetamine   DOM, STP, MDA, and MDMA "ecstasy"  
🗑
Overdoses of this agent with powerful vasoconstrictive action may result in fatalities from arrhythmias, seizures, respiratory depression, or severe HTN (MI and stroke)   Cocaine "super-speed"  
🗑
Hallucinogens Most dangerous of the currently popular hallucinogenic drugs, OD leads to nystagmus, marked hypertension, and seizures, presence of both horizontal and vertical nystagmus is pathognomonic   PCP  
🗑
Removal of PCP may be aided   Urinary acidification and activated charcoal or continual nasogastric suction  
🗑
THC is active ingredient, SE's include impairment of judgment, and reflexes, decreases in blood pressure and psychomotor performance occur   Marijuana  
🗑
This agent has greater affinity for muscarinic receptors and used for postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention   Bethanechol  
🗑
Only direct acting agent that is very lipid soluble and used in glaucoma   Pilocarpine  
🗑
This agent used to treat dry mouth in Sjögren's syndrome   Cevimeline  
🗑
Indirect-Acting ACh Agonist, alcohol, short DOA and used in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis   Edrophonium  
🗑
Carbamate with intermediate action postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention   Neostigmine  
🗑
Treatment of atropine overdose and glaucoma (because lipid soluable). Enters the CNS rapidly and has a stimulant effect, which may lead to convulsions   Physostigmine  
🗑
Treatment of myasthenia gravis   Pyridostigmine  
🗑
Organophosphates Antiglaucoma organophosphate   Echothiophate  
🗑
Associated with an increased incidence of cataracts in patients treated for glaucoma   Long acting cholinesterase inhibitors  
🗑
Scabicide organophosphate   Malathion  
🗑
Organophosphate anthelmintic agent with long DOA   Metrifonate  
🗑
Toxicity of organophosphate:   DUMBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, salivation, and sweating)  
🗑
The most important cause of acute deaths in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity   Respiratory failure  
🗑
The most toxic organophosphate   Parathion  
🗑
Treatment of choice for organophosphate overdose   Atropine  
🗑
This agent regenerates active cholinesterase and is a chemical antagonist used to treat organophosphate exposure   Pralidoxime  
🗑
Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators Prototypical drug is atropine   Nonselective Muscarinic Antagonists  
🗑
Treat manifestations of Parkinson's disease and EPS   Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl  
🗑
Treatment of motion sickness   Scopolamine  
🗑
Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia   Atropine, homatropine tropicamide  
🗑
Bronchodilation in asthma and COPD   Ipratropium  
🗑
Reduce transient hyper GI motility   Dicyclomine, methscopolamine  
🗑
Cystitis, postoperative bladder spasms, or incontinence   Oxybutynin, dicyclomine  
🗑
Toxicity of anticholinergics   block SLUD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation  
🗑
Another pneumonic for anticholinergic toxicity   "dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter, hot as a hare, blind as a bat"  
🗑
Atropine fever is the most dangerous effect and can be lethal in this population group   Infants  
🗑
Contraindications to use of atropine   Infants, closed angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy  
🗑
Nicotinic Antagonists Prototype ganglion blocker   Hexamethonium  
🗑
Limiting adverse effect of ganglion blockade that patients usually are unable to tolerate   Severe hypertension  
🗑
Reversal of blockade by neuromuscular blockers   Cholinesterase inhibitors  
🗑
Tubocurarine is the prototype, pancuronium, atracurium, vecuronium are newer short acting agent, produce competitive block at end plate nicotinic receptor, causing flaccid paralysis   Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers  
🗑
Only member of depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, causes fasciculation during induction and muscle pain after use   Succinylcholine  
🗑
Chemical antagonists that bind to the inhibitor of ACh Estrace and displace the enzyme (if aging has not occurred)   Cholinesterase Regenerators  
🗑
Used to treat patients exposed to insecticides such as parathion   Pralidoxime  
🗑
Sympathomimetics Pneumonic for beta receptors   You have 1 heart (Beta 1) and 2 lungs (Beta 2)  
🗑
This is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock   Epinephrine  
🗑
Phenylisopropylamines that are used legitimately and abused for narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder, and weight reduction   Amphetamines  
🗑
Alpha agonist used to produce mydriasis and reduce conjunctival itching and congestion caused by irritation or allergy, it does not cause cycloplegia   Phenylephrine  
🗑
Epinephrine and dipivefrin are used for   Glaucoma  
🗑
Newer alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine and brimonidine) treat glaucoma   Reduce aqueous synthesis  
🗑
Short acting Beta 2 agonists that is drug of choice in treatment of acute asthma but not recommended for prophylaxis   Albuterol  
🗑
Longer acting Beta 2 agonists is recommended for prophylaxis of asthma   Salmeterol  
🗑
These agents increase blood flow and may be beneficial in treatment of acute heart failure and some types of shock   Beta1 agonists  
🗑
These agents decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure, are local decongestant, and used in therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure which may help maintain perfusion   Alpha1 agonists  
🗑
Shock due to septicemia or myocardial infarction is made worse by   Increasing afterload and tissue perfusion declines  
🗑
Often mixed with local anesthetic to   Reduce the loss from area of injection  
🗑
Chronic orthostatic hypotension can be treated with   Midodrine  
🗑
Beta 2 agonist used to suppress premature labor, but cardiac stimulatory effects may be hazardous to mother and fetus   Terbutaline  
🗑
Long acting sympathomimetic, sometimes used to improve urinary continence in children and elderly with enuresis   Ephedrine  
🗑
Alpha 1 agonist toxicity   Hypertension  
🗑
Beta 1 agonist toxicity   Sinus tachycardia and serious arrhythmias  
🗑
Beta 2 agonist toxicity   Skeletal muscle tremor  
🗑
The selective agents loose their selectivity at   high doses  
🗑
Adrenoceptor Blocker Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, long acting and irreversible, and used to treat pheochromocytoma. Blocks 5-HT, so occasionaly used for carcinoid tumor. Blocks H1 and used in mastocytosis   Phenoxybenzamine  
🗑
Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, short acting and reversible, used for rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal, and Raynaud's phenomena   Phentolamine  
🗑
Selective Alpha 1 blocker used for hypertension, BPH, may cause first dose orthostatic hypotension   Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin  
🗑
Selective Alpha 2 blocker used for impotence (controversial effectiveness)   Yohimbine  
🗑
Beta-Blocking Drugs SelectiveB1 Receptor blockers that may be useful in treating patients with asthma   Acebutolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol  
🗑
Combined alpha and beta blocking agents that may have application in treatment of CHF   Labetalol and carvedilol  
🗑
Beta blockers partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) cause some bronchodilation and may have an advantage in treating patients with asthma   Pindolol and acebutolol  
🗑
This beta blocker lacks local anesthetic activity (decreases protective reflexes and increases the risk of corneal ulceration) and used in treating glaucoma   Timolol  
🗑
This parenteral beta blocker is a short acting   Esmolol  
🗑
This beta blocker is the longest acting   Nadolol  
🗑
These beta blockers are less lipid soluble   Acebutolol and atenolol  
🗑
This beta blocker is highly lipid soluble and may account for side effects such as nightmares   Propranolol  
🗑
Clinical uses of these agents include treatment of HTN, angina, arrhythmias, and chronic CHF   Beta blockers  
🗑
Toxicity of these agents include bradycardia, AV blockade, exacerbation of acute CHF, signs of hypoglycemia may be masked (tachycardia, tremor, and anxiety)   Beta blockers  
🗑
Glaucoma (all agents topical except for diuretics) Cholinomimetics that increase outflow, open trabecular meshwork, and cause ciliary muscle contraction   Pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine  
🗑
Nonselective alpha agonists that increases outflow, probably via the uveoscleral veins   Epinephrine, dipivefrin  
🗑
Selective alpha agonists that decreases aqueous secretion   Apraclonidine, brimonidine  
🗑
These Beta blockers decrease aqueous secretion   Timolol (nonselective), betaxolol (selective)  
🗑
This diuretic decreases aqueous secretion due to lack of HCO3- ion. Causes drowsiness and paresthesias, alkalinization of the urine may precipitate calcium salts, hypokalemia, acidosis   Acetazolamide  
🗑
This agent cause increased aqueous outflow   Prostaglandin PGF2a  
🗑
Antihypertensive Agents Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)   Ace inhibitors  
🗑
Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are   Ace inhibitors  
🗑
SE of ACE inhibitors   Dry cough, hyperkalemia  
🗑
Ace inhibitors are contraindicated in   pregnancy and with K+  
🗑
Losartan and valsartan block   Angiotensin receptor  
🗑
Angiotensin receptor blockers do NOT cause   Dry cough  
🗑
Block L-type calcium channel   Calcium channel blockers  
🗑
CCB contraindicated in CHF   Verapamil  
🗑
CCB with predominate effect on arteriole dilation   Nifedipine  
🗑
SE of CCB   Constipation, edema, and headache  
🗑
Reduce heart rate, contractility, and O2 demand   Beta-blockers  
🗑
B-blockers that are more cardioselective   Beta C2001-selective blockers  
🗑
Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers   Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol  
🗑
Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in   Asthma (bronchospastic effects), diabetes (block signs of hypoglycemia) and peripheral vascular disease  
🗑
Non-selective Beta-blocker also used for migraine prophylaxis   Propranolol  
🗑
SE of beta blockers   Bradycardia, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, decrease in HDL, and increase in Triglycerols (TG)  
🗑
Alpha 1selective blockers   Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending)  
🗑
Non-selective Alpha1blockers use to treat pheochromocytoma   Phenoxybenzamine  
🗑
For rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal   Phentolamine  
🗑
A1a-selective blocker used for BPH   Tamsulosin (Flomax)  
🗑
SE of alpha blockers   Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia  
🗑
Presynaptic Alpha 2 agonist used in HTN   Clonidine, and methyldopa  
🗑
SE of methyldopa   Positive Comb's test, depression  
🗑
Methyldopa is contraindicated in   Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects  
🗑
SE of clonidine   Rebound HTN, sedation, dry mouth  
🗑
Ganglionic blockers formerly used in HTN   Trimethaphan, and hexamethonium  
🗑
Direct vasodilator of arteriolar smooth muscle   Hydralazine  
🗑
SE of hydralazine   Lupus-like syndrome  
🗑
Arterial vasodilator that works by opening K+ channels   Minoxidil  
🗑
SE of minoxidil   Hypertrichosis  
🗑
IV Drug used Hypertensive Crisis   Nitroprusside  
🗑
Nitroprusside vasodilates   Arteries and veins  
🗑
Toxicity caused by nitroprusside and treatment   Cyanide toxicity treated with sodium thiosulfate  
🗑
Diuretics Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor   Acetazolamide  
🗑
Diuretic used for mountain sickness and glaucoma   Acetazolamide  
🗑
SE of acetazolamide   Paresthesias, alkalization of the urine (which may ppt. Ca salts), hypokalemia, acidosis, and encephalopathy in patients with hepatic impairment  
🗑
MOA of loop diuretics   inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport  
🗑
Site of action of loop diuretics   Thick ascending limb  
🗑
SE of loop (furosemide) diuretics   Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and ototoxicity  
🗑
Aminoglycosides used with loop diuretics potentiate adverse effect   Ototoxicity  
🗑
Loops lose and thiazide diuretics retain   Calcium  
🗑
MOA of thiazide diuretics   Inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransport  
🗑
Site of action of thiazide diuretics   Work at early distal convoluted tubule  
🗑
Class of drugs that may cause cross-sensitivity with thiazide diuretics   Sulfonamides  
🗑
SE of thiazide (HCTZ) diuretics   Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia  
🗑
Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit   Na+/K+ exchange  
🗑
Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism   Spironolactone  
🗑
SE of spironolactone   Gynecomastia hyperkalemia, and impotence  
🗑
Osmotic diuretic used for increased intracranial pressure   Mannitol  
🗑
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) agonist and antagonist ADH agonist used for pituitary diabetes insipidus   Desmopressin (DDAVP)  
🗑
Used for SIADH   Demeclocycline  
🗑
SE of demeclocycline   Bone marrow and teeth discoloration for children under 8 years of age  
🗑
Antiarrhythmic agents MOA of class I A (eg. Procainamide), class IB (eg. Lidocaine), and class IC (eg. Flecainide) antiarrhythmics   Sodium channel blockers  
🗑
SE of procainamide   Lupus-like syndrome  
🗑
Limiting side effect of Quinidine   Prolongs QT interval  
🗑
Other side effects of Quinidine   Thrombocytopenic purpura, and CINCHONISM  
🗑
Major drug interaction with Quinidine   Increases concentration of Digoxin  
🗑
DOC for management of acute Ventricular arrhythmias   Lidocaine  
🗑
DOC for digoxin induced arrhythmias   Phenytoin  
🗑
SE of phenytoin   Gingival hyperplasia  
🗑
Class of anti-arrhythmics that has a pro-arrhythmic effect (CAST trial), therefore are used as last line agents   Class IC (flecainide, propafenone, moricizine)  
🗑
Class II antiarrhythmics are   B-blockers  
🗑
Antiarrhythmic that exhibits Class II and III properties   Sotalol  
🗑
Side effect of sotalol   prolongs QT and PR interval  
🗑
Used intravenously for acute arrhythmias during surgery   Esmolol  
🗑
Anti-arrhythmics that decrease mortality   B-blockers  
🗑
MOA of class III antiarrhythmics   Potassium channel blockers  
🗑
Class III antiarrhythmic that exhibits properties of all 4 classes   Amiodarone  
🗑
Specific pharmacokinetic characteristic of amiodarone   Prolonged half-life, up to six weeks  
🗑
Antiarrhythmic effective in most types of arrhythmia   Amiodarone  
🗑
SE of Amiodarone   Dysfunction, photosensitivity, skin (blue smurf syndrome), Pulmonary fibrosis, thyroid and corneal deposits  
🗑
MOA of class IV antiarrhythmics   Calcium channel blockers  
🗑
Life threatening cardiac event that prolong QT leads to   Torsades de pointes  
🗑
Agent to treat torsades de pointes   Magnesium sulfate  
🗑
Drug used supraventricular arrhythmias   Digoxin  
🗑
DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)   Adenosine  
🗑
Adenosine's MOA   Activates acetylcholine sensitive K+ channels in SA and AV node  
🗑
Anti-arrhythmic with 15 second duration of action   Adenosine  
🗑
Vasodilators and treatment of angina MOA of sildenafil (Viagra)   Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP  
🗑
Drugs used in the management of angina   Aspirin, Nitrates, CCB, and Beta blockers  
🗑
Aspirin reduces mortality in unstable angina by   Platelet aggregation inhibition  
🗑
MOA of nitrates   Relax vascular smooth muscle, at low doses dilate veins and at high doses dilate arterioles  
🗑
Nitrate used for acute anginal attacks   Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets  
🗑
Nitrate used to prevent further attacks   Oral and transdermal forms of nitroglycerin  
🗑
Nitrate free intervals are needed due to   Tolerance  
🗑
SE of nitrates   Postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia, hot flashes, and throbbing headache due to meningeal artery dilation  
🗑
CCB are DOC for   Prinzmetal's angina  
🗑
Beta blockers are used for which type of anginal attack   Classic  
🗑
Drugs used to treat CHF MOA of Cardiac glycosides (eg. digoxin)   Indirectly increase intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility by inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase  
🗑
Digoxin is used in   Atrial fibrillation and CHF  
🗑
Digoxin toxicity can be precipitated by   Hypokalemia  
🗑
Antidote for digoxin toxicity   Digibind  
🗑
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that increase mortality and have been found to have NO beneficial effects   Amrinone and milrinone  
🗑
SE of amrinone   Thrombocytopenia  
🗑
Beta 1 agonists used in acute CHF   Dobutamine and dopamine  
🗑
Diuretics work in CHF by   Reducing preload  
🗑
Beta blockers work in CHF by   Reducing progression of heart failure (never use in acute heart failure)  
🗑
Agent used in CHF that is a selective alpha and nonselective beta blocker   Carvedilol  
🗑
Agent used in acutely decompensated CHF resembling natriuretic peptide   Nesiritide (Natrecor)  
🗑
Drugs used in coagulation disorders Vitamin K dependent anticoagulant   Warfarin (PT)  
🗑
Warfarin is contraindicated in   Pregnancy  
🗑
Anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy   Heparin  
🗑
Heparin (PTT) increases activity of   Antithrombin 3  
🗑
Route of administration of warfarin   Oral  
🗑
Routes of administration of heparin   IM (only LMW) and IV  
🗑
SE of both warfarin and heparin   Bleeding  
🗑
SE of heparin   Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)  
🗑
Alternative anticoagulant used if HIT develops   Lepirudin  
🗑
Antidote to reverse actions of warfarin   Vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma  
🗑
Antidote to reverse actions of heparin   Protamine sulfate  
🗑
MOA of aspirin   Irreversibly blocking cyclooxygenase  
🗑
Agent used to treat MI and to reduce incidence of subsequent MI   Aspirin  
🗑
SE of Aspirin   GI bleeding  
🗑
Antiplatelet drug reserved for patients allergic to aspirin   Ticlopidine  
🗑
SE for ticlopidine   Neutropenia and agranulocytosis  
🗑
Effective in preventing TIA's   Clopidogrel and ticlopidine  
🗑
Prevents thrombosis in patients with artificial heart valve   Dipyridamole  
🗑
Block glycoprotein IIb/IIIa involved in platelet cross-linking   Abciximab, tirofiban and eptifibatide  
🗑
MOA of thrombolytics   Degradation of fibrin clots and are administered  
🗑
Thrombolytics are used for   Pulmonary embolism and DVT  
🗑
Thrombolytic that can cause allergic reaction   Streptokinase  
🗑
Thrombolytic used for acute MI and ischemic (non hemorrhagic) CVA   Tissue plasmin activator  
🗑
SE of tPA   Cerebral hemorrhage  
🗑
Antidote for thrombolytics   Aminocaproic acid  
🗑
Agents used in anemias and hematopoietic growth factors Agent to treat hypochromic microcytic anemias   Ferrous sulfate  
🗑
Chelating agent used in acute iron toxicity   Deferoxamine  
🗑
Agent for pernicious anemia   Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)  
🗑
Agent used for neurological deficits in megaloblastic anemia   Vitamin B12  
🗑
Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does NOT reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy   Folic acid  
🗑
Agent used for anemias associated with renal failure   Erythropoietin  
🗑
Agent used neutropenia especially after chemotherapy   G-CSF (filgrastim) and GM-CSF (sargramostim)  
🗑
Treatment of patients with prior episodes of thrombocytopenia after a cycle of cancer chemotherapy   Interleukin 11 (oprelvekin)  
🗑
Antihyperlipidemics Decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol   Bile acid-binding resins  
🗑
Cholestyramine and colestipol are   Bile acid-binding resins  
🗑
Major nutritional side effect of bile acid-binding resins   Impair absorption of fat soluble vitamin absorption (A,D,E,K)  
🗑
MOA of lovastatin (STATIN)   inhibits HMG COA reductase  
🗑
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors are contraindicated in   Pregnancy  
🗑
Drug or foods (grapefruit juice) that increase statin effect   Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A4  
🗑
SE of HMG COA reductase inhibitors   Rhabdomyolysis and Hepatotoxicity  
🗑
Monitoring parameter to obtain before initiation of STATINS   LFT's  
🗑
Decreases liver triglycerol synthesis   Niacin  
🗑
SE of niacin   Cutaneous flush  
🗑
Cutaneous flush and be reduced by pretreatment with   Aspirin  
🗑
Fibrates (gemfibrozil) increase activity of   Lipoprotein lipase  
🗑
Most common SE of fibrates   Nausea  
🗑
Fibrates are contraindicated in   Pregnancy  
🗑
Concurrent use of fibrates and statins increases risk of   Rhabdomyolysis  
🗑
New class of drugs that works by inhibiting absorption of intestinal cholesterol and can be given concurrently with the Statins   Ezetimibe (Zetia)  
🗑
NSAIDS and DMARDS MOA of NSAIDS   inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (cox)  
🗑
Difference between aspirin and other NSAIDS   Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase  
🗑
Four main actions of NSAIDS   Anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic and antiplatelet activity  
🗑
Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus   Indomethacin  
🗑
Aspirin is contraindicated in children with viral infection   Potential for development of Reye's syndrome  
🗑
SE of salicylates   Tinnitus, GI bleeding  
🗑
NSAID also available as an ophthalmic preparation   Diclofenac  
🗑
NSAID available orally, IM and ophthalmically   Ketoralac  
🗑
NSAID that is used for acute condition, such as pre-op anesthesia and has limited duration (<5 days) of use due to nephrotoxicity   Ketoralac  
🗑
Newer NSAIDs that selectively inhibit COX-2   Celecoxib and rofecoxib  
🗑
COX 2 inhibitors may have reduced risk of   Gastric ulcers and GI Bleeding  
🗑
COX 2 inhibitors should be used cautiously in pts with   Pre-existing cardiac or renal disease  
🗑
Acetaminophen only has   Antipyretic and analgesic activity  
🗑
SE of acetaminophen   Hepatotoxicity  
🗑
Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity   N-acetylcysteine  
🗑
Drugs-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Agents (DMARDS) DMARDs are slow acting drugs for   Rheumatic disease  
🗑
MOA of gold salts   Alter activity of macrophages and suppress phagocytic activity of PMNs  
🗑
SE of gold salts   Dermatitis of the mouth aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis  
🗑
Causes bone marrow suppression   Methotrexate  
🗑
SE of penicillamine   Aplastic anemia and renal  
🗑
Interferes with activity of T-lymphocytes   Hydroxychloroquine  
🗑
Anti-malarial drug used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)   Hydroxychloroquine  
🗑
SE of hydroxychloroquine   Retinal destruction and dermatitis  
🗑
MOA of Leflunomide (newer agent)   Inhibiting Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase which leads to decreased pyrimidine synthesis  
🗑
Proteins that prevent action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)   Infliximab and etanercept  
🗑
Anti-rheumatic agent also used for ulcerative colitis   Sulfasalazine  
🗑
Drugs used in Gout NSAIDS used in gout   Indomethacin and phenylbutazone  
🗑
NSAID contraindicated in gout   Aspirin  
🗑
SE of phenylbutazone   Aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis  
🗑
MOA of Colchicine (used in acute gout)   Selective inhibitor of microtubule assembly  
🗑
SE of colchicine   Kidney and liver toxicity  
🗑
Agent used to treat chronic gout by increasing uric acid secretion   Probenecid and sulfinpyrazone  
🗑
Allopurinol treats chronic gout by inhibiting   Xanthine oxidase  
🗑


   

Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
 
To hide a column, click on the column name.
 
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
 
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
 
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.

 
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how
Created by: csheck
Popular Science sets