NWHSU Histo1 Exam 2 Blood Packet up to Agranulocytes
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| Proteins in Plasma (3) | Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen
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| Functions of Albumin (5) | Maintain Colloid Osmotic Pressure (accounts for 75-80% of the COP), Binds and transports FA's mobilized from adipose cells, Binds & transports unconjucated billirubin to liver, important free radical scavenger, anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects
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| Three Globulin Groups in Plasma | Alpha, Beta, Gamma
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| Function of Alpha and Beta Globulins (3) | Transport molecules, clotting factors, and inactive precursor molecules
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| Where are Alpha and Beta Globulins produced | Produced in liver and other organs
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| Funtion of Gamma Globulins (AKA Immunoglobulins) (1) | Make up Circulating antibodies
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| Where are Gamma Globulins made | Made by plasma cells
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| Two main types of alpha globulion | alpha-1 globulin and alpha-2 globulin
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| alpha-1 globulin includes:(2) | alpha 1 antitrypsin and thyroxin binding globulin
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| Alpha-2 consists of several substances including: | hapatoglobin, carriers to vitamin D, HDL cholesterol, angiotensinogen, ceruloplasmin, and alpha-2 macroglobulin
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| haptoglobin (substance in alpha-2 globulin) | helps carry heme or hemoglobin to cells where they can be broken down
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| Carriers for Vitamin D (substance in alpha-2 globulin) | carry cholesterol to liver for excretion by gallbladder
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| Angiotensinogen (substance in alpha-2 globulin) | Will become activated angiotensin in kidney helping to regulate Na+ reuptake
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| Ceruloplasmin (substance in alpha-2 globulin) | A copper-containing molecule that catalyzes the oxidation reaction Fe++ to Fe+++ for transport
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| Alpha-2 Macroglobin (substance in alpha-2 globulin) | Hermeral defense mechanisms, binding Zn++ and many other important protein capturing functions
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| Important Beta-Globulins (3) | Transferrin, Plasminogen, LDL Cholesterol
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| Transferrin (Important Beta-Globulin) | Transports dietary iron to bone marrow and liver, also transports recycled iron to the bone marrow
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| Plasminogen (Important Beta-Globulin) | Important in the dissolution of clots
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| LDLs | Beta-Globulins
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| HDLs | Alpha-Globulins
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| Non-Protein Components of Plasma (4) | Electrolytes, Glucose, HDL & LDL, Vitamins and Trace Minerals
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| Name the electrolytes (6) | Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3, and PO4^-3
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| Functions of Ca++ (Calcium) (8) *Nice to Know* | 1) Muscle Contraction, 2) Action Potential Transmission, 3) Ion channel regulation, 4) bone and teeth structure, 5) activation of oocytes, 6) blood clotting, 7) heart beat regulation, 8) fluid balance in cells
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| Plasma concentrations of calcium are higher than that of ____________? | Phosphate
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| Functions of Na+ (Sodium)(4) *Nice to Know* | 1) Maintenance of Blood Volume, 2) Transmission of nerve impulses, 3) Heart Activity, 4) Many other metabolic functions
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| Concentrations of sodium in the plasma are higher than that of _______________ concentrations. | Potassium --> This important balance maintained by the kidney
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| Gamma Globulins | Circulating Antibodies, Largely IgG (immunoglobulin G) made by plasma cells. IgM and IgA also circulate
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| Plasma Cells = Activated _____________ | Activated Beta-Lymphocytes
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| Fibrinogen | Final inactive component in clotting cascade
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| Fibrinogen activated by: | thrombin (factor II), making fibrin (factor I)
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| Represents the "fiber" portion of CT matrix equation | Fibrin
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| Both Thrombin and Fibrin made by the __________ | Liver
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| Functions of K+(potassium):(6) *Nice to Know* | 1) creation of resting potential, 2) participation in the sodium-potassium pump, 3) maintenance of intracellular fluid balance, 4) muscle contraction, 5) Heart Contraction 6) "Many others"
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| Hypokalemia *Nice to Know* | Too little potassium in the blood
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| Hypokalemia caused by: (3) *Nice to Know* | Diarrhea, vomiting, and increased diuresis
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| Hypokalemia causes: (2) *Nice to Know* | breakdown of the resting potential and depolarization in excitable cells
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| Symptoms of Hypokalemia: (5) *Nice to Know* | Muscle weakness and spasticity, heart arrhythmia, respiratory paralysis, alkalosis, seizure, and coma
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| Functions of Mg++ (magnesium): (4) *Nice to Know* | 1) nucleic acid sythesis, 2) cofactor for many enzymes, 3) ATP sythesis and usage, 4) DNA and RNA synthesis
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| Inadequate intake of Mg++ is associated with: (6) *Nice to Know* | Muscle spasm, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, anxiety disorders, and osteoporosis
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| Functions of Cl- (chloride): (2) *Nice to Know* | 1) The chloride-bicarbonate exchanger participates importantly in the ability of the plasma to increase in capacity for CO2, 2) the most important inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS (GABA and glycine) rely on Cl-influx to cause hyperpolarization
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| HCO3 represents the amount of soluble ______ in the blood | CO2
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| HCO3 is produced by an important enzyme in the RBC: | Carbonic Anhydrase
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| Disruptions in normal respiratory function maybe due to: (4) | diseases that interfere with respiratory function, kidney diseases, metabolic conditions and other causes
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| Glucose | Circulating form of carbohydrate in plasma
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| Normal fasting clucose levels should be: | Less than 100mg/dL
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| HDL and LDL circulating carriers of _________ in the plasma | cholesterol
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| HDL and LDL produced by: | The liver
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| Lipid Soluble vitamins carried on: | various globulins (Vitamin D on alpha globulin)
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| Cells of the Blood (3) | Erythrocytes (RBCs), White Blood Cells (Leukocytes, WBCs), Platelets
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| RBC Mature Cell Size | 7.5 microns in diameter
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| RBC Mature Cell Shape | Biconcave disk
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| RBC Mature Cell Organelles | NONE
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| RBC Mature Cell Content | Mainly hemoglobin and come enzymes, notable are those to carry out glycolysis and those that convert CO2 to HCO3- (Carbonic anhydrase)
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| Amount of Mature RBC in Blood | 42-45% of blood made up of RBCs. Percentage expressed as hematocrit. 4-6 million cells per uL.
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| RBCs differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells (derived from mesenchyme) in: | the red bone marrow (adults: vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, and sternum)
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| Complete maturation of RBC takes approximately ___ days | 7 days
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| RBC exhibiting nuclear remnant is called | reticulocyte
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| Blood Loss Anemias | Acute Blood Loss, Chronic Occult Blood Loss, Heavy Menstual Periods or Child Birth
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| Hemolytic Anemias (most common of the anemias) | iron deficiency, folic acid and B12 deficiency
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| Percentage of total blood components made up by WBCs | 1-2%
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| 2 Classes of WBCs | Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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| Neutrophils don't move into tissues unless there is: | Infection or Acute Inflammation
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| WBCs that constantly enter the tissue | Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes
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| Lymphocytes constantly enter the tissues from the _______ and leave the tissues via the ______ in order to reach the lymphoid system | Blood, Lymphatics
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| Granulocytes (3) | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
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| Most common WBC | Neutrophil
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| Neutrophils make up ________% of the WBC count | 50-70%
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| Granules contained in cell cytoplasm of neutrophil | lilac, lavender and azure granules; these contain various lytic enzymes
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| Neutrophils very HIGHLY or LOWLY phagoctytic? | Highly, especially involved in phagocytosis of bacterial infection debris.
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| Neutrophils usually degenerate ______ hours after entering the blood stream | 24 hours.
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| Eosinophils account for ________% of the circulating WBCs. | 1-6%
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| Eosinopnils circulate in the blood for about _________ hours and then enter the _________ where they spend most of their time | 8-12 hours, Tissues
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| Eosinophils are LARGER or SMALLER than Neutrophils | Larger
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| Eosinophils have a horseshoe shape and exhibit a large number of _______ granules | Red (eosinophilic)
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| Eosinophil's granules contain several hydrolytic enzymess, importantly: (1) | Histamine
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| Eosinophils regulate: | Inflammatory response, especially those due to allergy. Also, play important role in defense against certain parasitical infections, notably helminth worms.
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| Basophils make up __________% of the WBCs | Less than 1%, Least common
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| Basophils related structurally, functionally and developmentally to: | Mast Cells ("Tissue Basophils"
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| Both Mast Cells and Basophils derived from: | Stem cells in the bone marrow
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| Once mast cells have entered tissue they DO or DO NOT reenter the blood | DO NOT
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| Basophils are LARGER OR SMALLER than Neutrophils and LARGER OR SMALLER than Eosinophils | Larger than neutrophils and smaller than eosinophils
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| Basophils have a _________ nucleus | Bilobed. Appearance of nucleus often obscured by the many basophilic granules
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| Substances in the granules of Basophils include:(4) | Histamine, Heparin, Slow reacting substane of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A). --> Mediators of inflammation
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| Both ________ and _______ degranulate when IgE antibodies bound to their surfaces are bridged with antigen. | Basophils and Mast cells
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| Monocytes are the LARGEST OR SMALLEST of the WBCs | Largest
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| Monocytes account for __________% of circulating leukocytes. | 2-10%
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| Monocytes remain in the blood for ________ days before they emigrate into the tissues and differentiate into macrophages | 3-4 days
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| The nucleus of a Monocyte is: | Large and bilobed and somewhat eccentric
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| Monocyte activity takes place mainly in the _______ | Tissues
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| Monocytes can differentiate into __________ | macrophages
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| Lymphocytes are the LARGEST OR SMALLEST of the WBCs | Smallest (a bit larger than a RBC)
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| Lymphocytes make up ____% of the WBCs | 20-50% --> The second most common circulating cell
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| Lymphocytes are part of the ____________ Immune System | Adaptive Immune System --> It learns about and remembers antigens and responds more strongly with the second and susequent encounters (immunity)
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| Two types of lymphocytes | B- and T- Lymphocytes
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| Both B- and T- Lymphocytes differentiate in the _______ ________ and B- cells mature here, but T- cells mature in the __________ | Bone Marrow, Thymus
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| Basic Functions of B-lymphocytes: | Once activate muture into plasma cells which produce immunoglobins (antibodies) --> Humeral immune reponse. Once activated cellss divide and establish clones of memory B- cells.
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| Basic Function of T- Lymphocytes: | T- helper cells orchestrate immune response by producing wide variety of mediators (interleukins). Cytotoxic T-Cells kill virus infected cells. Suppressor T-Cells function in restricting immunity (mediate cellular immune repsonse)
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| Natural Killer cells are lymphocyte cells that respond by: | killing any cell infected with virus or any malignant cell indentified by complement, acute phase proteins and cytokines like interferon
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| Parts of the Innate Immune System: | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Macrophages, acute phase proteins, cytokines like interferon
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| Derived from cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes | Platelets
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| Normal number of platelets in blood is ________ | 150-400,000/microliter -->more than this number results in clotting disorders (thrombosis and thrombotic disease). too few (thombocytopenia) result in bleeding disorders
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| Platelets are critical in clotting process b/c they produce _____ | platelet plug (initially fills hole in injured vessel wall)
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| Organelles in platelets can perform: | Oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and protein synthesis
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| Blood is a CT composed of: | Cells plus matrix
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| The matrix of blood is consists of: | plasma, the fibers represented by fibrinogen and gound substance represented by serum
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| Plasma makes up _____% of the blood volume, the cells make up ______% | 55%,45%
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| Erythrocytes make up ____% of the cell content leaving only ____% for the WBCS and platelets | 98%, 2%
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| RBCs function almost exclusively as the__________ producing and housing _______________ which carries O2 | O2 transport vehicle, Iron-Containing Hemoglobin
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| WBCs function primarily as the _____________ providing both the _____ and _________ Portions | the immune system, innate and adaptive
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| Platelets are small cells critical to the _________ | clotting process
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| Size of the circulating cells from largest to smallest: | monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, platelets
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| List the circulating cells from most numerous to least numerous: | Erythrocytes, Platelets, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
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