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The Respiratory System

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Question
Answer
The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells   Respiration  
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Describe the 3 basic steps of respiration   1. Ventilation 2. External (pulmonary) respiration 3. Internal (tissue) respiration  
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What structures are in the upper respiratory tract?   1. Nose 2. Pharynx (throat)  
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What structures are in the lower respiratory tract?   1. Larynx (voice box) 2. Trachea (Wind pipe) 3. Bronchi (Airways) 4. Lungs  
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What does a conducting zone do?   Filters, warms, & moistens air and conducts it into the lungs  
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What does a respiratory zone do?   Tissues w/in lungs where gas exchange occurs  
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A supporting framework of bone & cartilage (air enters nose thru nostrils or external nares)   External nose  
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Connects to the throat thru internal nares   Internal nose  
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Connects to internal nose   Paranasal sinuses & nasolacrimal ducts  
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What does FEMS stand for?   Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillae & Sphenoid  
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What do the interior structures of the nose function in?   1. Filtering, warming, & moistening incoming air 2. Detecting olfactory stimuli 3. Modifying speech sounds  
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A muscular tube line by a mucous membrane extending from internal nares to partway down the neck   Pharynx  
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What structure serves respiratory & digestive systems by receiving air from nasal cavity & air, food & water from oral cavity. Inferiorly, opens into larynx & esophagus?   Pharynx  
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Name 3 regions of the pharynx   1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx  
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Portion of the pharynx posterior to nasal cavity & extends inferiorly to uvula   Nasopharynx  
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What is the function of the nasopharynx?   Passageway for air only, functions in respiration  
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Lies posterior to oral cavity, extends from soft palate to hyoid bone. Palatine tonsils found in side walls, lingual tonsil in posterior surface of tongue   Oropharynx  
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What is the function of the oropharynx?   Digestion & respiration  
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Most inferior portion of pharynx, extends from hyoid bone down to larynx   Laryngopharynx  
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What is the function of the laryngopharynx?   Digestion & respiration  
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(Voice box) Passageway for air that connects the pharynx with the trachea   Larynx  
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What is the function of the larynx?   Produces sounds  
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Vestibular folds (upper pair). Hold your breath against pressure in thoracic cavity   False Vocal Cords  
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(Lower pair) Produce sounds   True Vocal Cords  
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Windpipe tube that is anterior to esophagus and extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi at T5. Composed of smooth muscle & C-shaped rings of cartilage lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheleum   Trachea  
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Name the 6 parts of the bronchial tree   1. Trachea 2. Primary Bronchi = each lung 3. Secondary Bronchi = each lobe 4. Tertiary Bronchi = little sections of lobes (lobules) 5. Bronchioles 6. Terminal bronchioles - alveoli (air sacs)  
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Where on the body do the lungs start and branch off?   At T5 trachea divides into right primary bronchus and left primary bronchus  
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Lungs are enclosed and protected by this double layered serous membrane   Pleural membrane  
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Outer layer of pleural membrane which is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity   Parietal Pleura  
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Inner layer of the pleural membrane which covers the lungs   Visceral Pleura  
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How many lobes does each lung have?   Right: 3 Left: 2  
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A depression in the left lung where the heart is   Cardiac notch  
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What are respiratory bronchioles & tiny alveolar ducts end in clusters of tiny air sacs called?   Alveoli  
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What are aveoli made of?   Simple squamous epithelium  
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What permits rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide?   Alveoli  
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What is another word for breathing?   Pulmonary Ventilation  
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(Inhalation) Pressure inside lungs is less than atmospheric air pressure   Inspiration  
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(Exhalation) Pressure inside lungs is greater than atmospheric air pressure   Expiration  
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What muscles are used for quiet inspiration?   Diaphragm and external intercostals  
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What muscles are used for forced inspiration?   Sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, & pec minor  
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What muscles are used for quiet expiration?   Diaphragm & external intercostals  
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What muscles are used for forced expiration?   Internal intercostals & abdominal muscles  
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What happens to the lungs when the thoracic cavity expands & why?   As lungs expand, air molecules inside have a larger volume because air pressure decreases  
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What happens during inhalation when volume increases?   Pressure decreases  
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What happens during exhalation when volume decreases?   Pressure increases  
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Normal variation in breathing rate and depth   Eupnea  
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Breath holding   Apnea  
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Painful or difficult breathing   Dyspnea  
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Rapid breathing rate   Tachypnea  
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Upward & outward movement of chest due to intercostal and external costals   Costal breathing  
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Pattern of deep abdominal breathing due to contracting and downward movement of diaphragm   Diaphragmatic breathing  
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When are modified respiratory movements used?   Used to express emotion & to clear air passageways  
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Name examples of modified respiratory movements   Coughing, hiccuping, sneezing, sighing, yawning, sobbing, crying, & laughing  
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Systemic Gas Exchange: Exchange of O2 and CO2 between tissue cells & blood in systemic capillaries as O2 leaves the bloodstream it converts oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood   Internal respiration  
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Pulmonary Gas Exchange: Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between air in lungs & blood in capillaries   External respiration  
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What factors influence oxygen release from hemoglobin?   1. When blood oxygen partial pressure is low 2. When there is high CO2 partial pressure in active tissues 3. Acidity 4. Temperature  
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How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?   1. Blood (7% dissolved in plasma, 23% bound to amino acids, 70% bicarbonate ions in plasma) 2. Pulmonary capillaries in the lungs  
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How is most of the carbon dioxide transported in blood?   70% by bicarbonate ions in blood plasma  
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Where is the respiratory center located?   3 groups of neurons 1. Medullary rhythmicity area 2. Pneumotaxic area 3. Apneustic area  
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What does the medullary rhythmicity area contain?   Inspiratory & expiratory areas  
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What is the function of the inspiratory area?   Sets the basic rhythm of respiration  
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What is the function of the expiratory area?   Remains inactive during quiet breathing and are active during forced exhalation  
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Where is the pneumotaxic area located?   Upper pons  
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helps turn off inspiratory area to shorten the duration of inhalations & increases breathing rate   Pneumotaxic area  
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Where is the apneustic area located?   Lower pons  
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Sends impulses to the inspiratory area that activates it and prolongs inspiration (long, deep breath)   Apneustic area  
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What part of the brain voluntarily alters breathing patterns?   Cerebral cortex  
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What chemicals are monitored by the chemoreceptors of the respiratory system?   CO2 & O2  
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How do emotions influence respiration?   Limbic system stimulation stimulated inspiratory area = increase rate & depth of breathing  
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How does exercise influence respiration?   Proprioceptor stimulation of respiration increases rate & depth of breathing  
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How does body temperature influence respiration?   Increase in temperature increases the rate of respiration. Decrease in temperature decreases respiration  
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How does pain influence respiration?   1. Sudden, sever pain causes brief apnea. 2. Prolonged, somatic pain causes increased respiratory rate 3. Visceral pain causes decreased respiratory rate  
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How does lung inflation influence respiration?   Detects lung expansion & limits it (inhibiting)  
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Chemoreceptors in the brain are activated primarily by the presence of _____________ in the cerebrospinal fluid?   Hydrogen ions  
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Carbon dioxide binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin to form ___________   Carbaminohemoglobin  
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The term pulmonary ventilation refers to _________________   Mechanics of breathing  
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Nerves, pulmonary vessels, and bronchi enter the lungs at the _________________   Hilus  
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As blood enters the system capilaries pO2 is high in the blood and low in the tissues. True or False?   True  
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What are the first respiratory branches after the trachea called?   Primary bronchi  
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When oxygen combines with the heme of hemoglobin, what is formed?   Oxyhemoglobin  
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How many fissures and lobes does the right lung have?   2 fissures and 3 lobes  
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The volume of air in one breath during normal relaxed breathing   Tidal volume  
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What covers the glottis during swallowing?   Epiglottis  
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Some hydrogen ions in the blood are produced by the dissociation of this   Carbonic acid  
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What determines the amount of oxygen that can combine with heme?   Partial pressure of oxygen  
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What must decrease in order for inspiration to occur?   Alveolar pressure  
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What occurs between systemic capillaries and tissue cells?   Internal respiration  
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The amount of oxygen released by the hemoglobin molecules in the blood to the tissues increases as blood pH decreases. True or False?   True  
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What is most carbon dioxide carried in the blood as?   As part of a bicarbonate ion  
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What does the respiratory membrane consist of?   Two layers of epithelial cells and 2 basement membranes  
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In the lungs, when Pco2 is low in the alveoli what is it high in?   The capillaries  
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What is the surface tension of the alveolar fluid is reduced by?   The presence of surfactant  
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What do the phrenic nerves innervate?   The diaphragm  
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Where are the vocal cords found?   Larynx  
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What is lung compliance mainly affected by?   The amount of elastic tissue in the lungs and the amount of surfactant  
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Where are the neurons located that control the rhythm of normal breathing?   Medulla Oblongata  
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What is the function of the cilia in the respiratory tract?   Move mucus toward the pharynx  
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How do gases move during internal and external respiration?   Diffusion  
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What happens to the volume in the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm lowers during breathing?   Volume increases  
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A disorder characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli   Emphysema  
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The bronchi are considered to part of which portion of the respiratory system?   Conducting  
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We hold our breath when lifting heavy objects by closing off the opening of the larynx using _________   Ventricular folds (False vocal cords)  
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What is the most sensitive region of the respiratory tract for triggering the cough reflex?   Carina  
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The smallest and last tube the air flows through before it reaches the alveoli   Alveolar duct  
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What is the function of alveoloar machrophages?   To remove dust particles & other debris from alveolar spaces  
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The sum of the residual volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume   Vital capacity  
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After you inhale in a quiet inhalation, which lung volume does not contain any air?   Inspiratory reserve volume  
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A disorder characterized by chronic airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli, and airway obstruction. Causes chest tightness, coughing, & wheezing.   Asthma  
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What is most of the carbon dioxide in blood carried as?   The bicarbonate ion  
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In normal, quiet breathing, the basic rhythm of respiration is determined almost entirely by the autorhythmic cells of the ________   Inspiratory area  
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By the age of 70, what percent is the vital capacity decreased by?   35%  
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The most common infectious cause of death in the United States   Pneumonia  
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