Week 1 - 6
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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What is pharmacology? | The study of drugs.
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What are side effects? | The minor unintended negative effects. More annoying than anything.
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What are adverse effects? | The serious unintended negative effects. Severity requires changes in drug or dosage.
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What are toxic effects? | Very serious/harmful/deadly effects. Implies drug poisoning. Treatment has to be stopped and intervention may be required.
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What are drugs? | Any substance that, when administered to living tissues, produces a change in function.
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What are the majors subdivisions of pharmacology? | 1. Pharmacodynamic
2. Pharmacokinetic
3. Pharmacotherapeutic
4. Pharmacy
5. Posology
6. Toxicology
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What is pharmacokinetic? | The study of the process of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
ADME
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What is pharmacodynamic? | The study of the action of drugs on living organisms.
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What is pharmacotherapeutic? | The study of the use of drugs to treat diseases.
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What is pharmacy? | The science of dispensing and preparing medecines.
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Whats is posology? | The study of the amount of drugs that is required to produce therapeutic effects.
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What is toxicology? | The study of the harmful effects of drugs on living organisms.
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What are drug sources? | When they started, drugs were obtained from plants and animal sources. Now, they are derived from those sources, chemically manufactured or products of genetic modifications.
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What is an indication? | The therapeutic use of a drug.
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What is a contraindication? | A situation when a drug should NOT be used.
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What is a therapeutic effect? | The intended beneficial effect
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What is a site of action? | The location in the body where the drugs acts.Known for most but still unknown for a few.
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What is a mechanism of action? | How a drug produces its effect at a molecular level.
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What is a receptor site? | A specific chemical structure on a cell where the drug interacts with the cell.
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What are agonists? | Drugs that induce an action when bound to the receptor site.
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What are antigonists? | Drugs that inhibit agonist drugs or cellular function when bound to the receptor site.
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What is competitive antagonism? | 2 drugs administered together target the same receptor site. They compete for the receptors, the one that gets the most wins!
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What is uncompetitive antagonism? | Drugs interfere with each other without targeting the same receptor site.
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LD 50 VS ED 50 | Dosage where 50% people got the lethal dose (died) VS where 50% people got effective dose (responded).
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What is the therapeutic index (window)? | Dosage where a drug has max therapeutic effects and min negative effect ratio.
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What are the 3 major naming systems? | 1. Chemical name
2. Nonproprietary name : generic
3. Proprietary name: brand
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Prescription VS nonprescription drugs | Prescription drugs have to be prescribed by a doctor. Nonprescription drug are available over the counter.
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What are the 4 types of drug preparation? | 1. Acqueous
2. Solid
3. Semi solid
4. Alcoholic
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What are the 4 routes of drug administration? | 1. Oral
2. Parenteral
3. Skin
4. Lungs
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What are the 4 oral routes of drug administration? | 1. Sublingual
2. Buccal
3. Rectal
4. Digestive tract
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What are 3 parenteral routes of drug administration? | 1. Intravenous
2. Intramuscular
3. Subcutaneous
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What are the 4 drug processes involved in pharmacokinetics? | A-D-M-E
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What is the most common source of drugs? | Plants
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List effects in increasing order of concern. | side-adverse-toxic
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What kind of drugs are classified Schedule I? | Drugs w/ high abuse potential and no accepted medical use.
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What kind of drugs are classified Schedule II? | Drugs w/ high abuse potential and accepted medical use.
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What kind of drugs are classified Schedule III? | Drugs w/ moderate abuse potential and accepted medical use.
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What kind of drugs are classified Schedule IV? | Drugs w/ low abuse potential and accepted medical use.
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What kind of drugs are classified Schedule V? | Drugs w/ limited abuse potential and accepted medical use.
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What chemical property do most drugs have? | Water solubility
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An ionized drug means that the drug is... | charged
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What type of compound crosses membranes easiest? | Lipids
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What is the first-pass effect? | The blood flowing from the GI tract through the liver before going to any other organs.
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What protein carriers are found in the blood? | Albumin and Globulins
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Where do biotransformation primarily occur? | In the liver
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Where do acidic drugs get absorbed? | In acidic conditions. e.g. stomach
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Where do basic drugs get absorbed? | In basic conditions. e.g. GI tract
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What is the primary excretory organ for drugs? | The kidney
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Do liquid or solid drugs get absorbed the fastest? | Liquids
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Where do drugs go after they are absorbed? | In the bloodstream
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Name a high blood flow organ | The liver
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Name a low blood flow organ | Adipose tissue
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What stops most of the drug from getting to the brain? | Additional lipid membrane between blood and brain cells.
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What does the blood brain barrier blocks? | Electrolytes and water soluble compounds.
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What does the blood brain barrier allow through? | Lipid-soluble compounds. e.g. Morphine and Heroine.
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What are hepatocytes? | Liver cells
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What is he major cause in the reduction of drug bioavailability? | First-pass metabolism.
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What are 2 phenomenon that can change biotransformation? | 1. Enzyme induction (CYP)
2. Enzyme inhibition (CYP)
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What are the 4 routes of drug excretion? | 1. Renal
2. GI tract
3. Respiratory
4. Misc. (minor) [sweat, saliva, milk]
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What is the most important route of drug excretion? | Renal
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How does GI tract excretion work? | Oral drugs are never entirely excreted. They travel in a loop in the enterohepatic pathway. (liver-bile-intestine-liver)
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What is a half-life? | The time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease to 50% of its original level.
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What does the half-life depend on? | A-D-M-E
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What is bioavailability? | The percentage of drug administered that makes it into the blood stream.
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What can affect bioavailability? (5) | 1. Coating
2. Particle size
3. Carrier molecules
4. Fillers
5. Individual variation
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What are factors of individual variation? | 1. Age
2. Weight
3. Sex/Percent body fat
4. Genetic variation
5. Emotional state
6. Placebo effect
7. Disease
8. Patient compliance
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What is drug tolerance? | Decreased drug effect that occur after repeated administration.
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What is drug dependence? | Reliance on the administration of a particular drug becomes extremely important to the well-being of an individual.
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What is drug addiction? | When drug dependence is severe and compulsive drug behavior dominates all other activities.
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What is drug incompatibility? | Physical alterations of drugs before administration when drugs are mixed in the same syringe or container.
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What are additive effects? | When combined effect of 2 drugs producing the same biological response by the same mechanism of action is equal to the sum of their individual effects.
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What is drug summation? | When combined effect of 2 drugs producing the same biological response by a different mechanism of action is equal to the sum of their individual effects.
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What is drug synergism? | When the combined effect of 2 drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
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What is drug antagonism? | When the combined effect of 2 drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects.
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What are 2 types of dependence? | 1. Psychological (unpleasant)
2. Physical (withdrawal symptoms)
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What are 2 types of tolerance? | 1. Metabolic tolerance : Enzyme induction
2. Parmacodynamic tolerance : Reduction in drug receptor expression
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What are the 2 divisions of the Nervous system? | 1. Peripheral NS
2. Central NS
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What is included in the central NS? | The brain and the spine.
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What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral NS? | 1. Somatic NS
2. Autonomic NS
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What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic NS? | 1. Sympathetic NS
2. Parasympathetic NS
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What reaction is associated with the Sympathetic NS? | Fight-Or-Flight
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What reaction is associated with the Parasympathetic NS? | Rest and Recovery
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What does the parasympathetic NS rely on? | Acetylcholine and muscarinic receptor
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An increase in sympathetic tone would cause? (6) | 1. Ë… digestion
2. Ë„ pupil diameter
3. Ë„ breathing
4. Ë„ heart rate
5. Ë„ blood pressure
6. Ë… blood flow
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What does the sympathetic NS rely on? | Nor-epinephrine and adrenergic receptor
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An increase in parasympathetic tone would cause? (6) | 1. Ë„ digestion
2. Ë… pupil diameter
3. Ë… breathing
4. Ë… heart rate
5. Ë… blood pressure
6. Ë„ blood flow
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What is a bundle of nerve connection? | Ganglion
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Alpha-adrenergic drug use would increase GI motility. (T or F) | False
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A selective beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocker should increase bronchodilation. (T or F) | False
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Anticholonergics have similar effects as reversible ACE inhibitors. (T or F) | False
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Direct acting cholinergics activate nicotinic muscarinic receptors. (T or F) | True
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What are 2 cholinergic receptors? | Nicotinic and muscarinic
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What are the 2 types of nicotinic receptors? | Muscle and nerve.
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What are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors? | Alpha and beta
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What is the difference between sedative and hypnotic effects of a sedative-hypnotic drug? | The dosage
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What is the order of sleep aides in order of increasing effects? | Misc. - BDZ - Barbiturate
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REM sleep is entered from which stage? | Stage 1
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Which stage is usually lengthened by sleep aides? | Stage 2
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Which drugs interact with Chlorine channels? (3) | 1. BDZ
2. Alcohol
3. Barbiturates
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Is anxiety always unhealthy? | NO
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What drug should you use if you have trouble sleeping? | Sonata
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What is reduced with antipsychotics? | Serotonin and dopamine
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What is the role of the limbic region of the brain? | Regulates emotions
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What are the four areas of the CNS that Benzodiazepine affect? | 1. Limbic system
2. Reticular formation
3. Cerebral cortex
4. Spinal cord
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What do adrenergic alpha-1 regulate? | Contraction of smooth muscle
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What do adrenergic alpha-2 regulate? | -ve feedback
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What do adrenergic beta-1 regulate? | Increase force of heart concentration and heart rate.
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What do adrenergic beta-2 regulate? | Relaxation of smooth muscle
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What is drug idiosyncrasy? | Individual unusual response to a drug
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What are drug allergy? | Individual genetic response to a drug.
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What is the difference between afferent and efferent nerves? | Afferent nerves receive and transfer the signal while efferent acts upon the signal.
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Differentiate cholinergic and adrenergic receptors. | Colinergic receptor are for the parasympathetic NS while adrenergic is for the sympathetic NS. Cholinergic binds to ACH and adrenergic binds to NE or E.
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From what area of the CNS does the parasympathetic NS originate? | The brain and spinal cord.
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From what area of the CNs does the sympathetic NS originate? | Thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves.
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Explain "dual autonomic innervation". | Each organ is connect to nerves from the parasympathetic NS and the sympathetic NS.
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What property of smooth muscle allows them to contract on their own? | Autorhythmicity.
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What condition activates a fight-or-flight reaction? | A frighteneing or emergency situation.
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Where do autonomic nerve conduct their nerve impulse? | To visceral organs.
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Where do somatic nerves send their nerve impulse? | To skeletal muscles.
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What nerves are part of the parasympathetic division? | Cranial and Sacral
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What nerves are part of the sympathetic division? | Thoracic and lumbar
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What drugs block or decrease sympathetic NS activity? | Sympatholitic
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What drug acts at the neural endings to reduce the formation or release of NE? | Adrenergic neural blockers
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What receptor mediates smooth muscle contraction? | Alpha-1 receptors.
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What adrenergic receptorsare located on either the heart or smooth muscle? | Beta receptors.
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What drug blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 effects of EPI? | Non selective beta blockers.
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What drug blocks the alpha effects of NE and EPI? | Alpha blockers
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What is the chemical classification of NE and EPI? | Catecholamine.
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What is an adrenergic drug or effect that increase the sympathetic NS activity? | Sympathomimetic
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What hormone is released from the adrenal medulla that stimulates the sympathetic NS? | EPI
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Describe the difference between the effect of NE and EPI. | NE contracts smooth muscles and EPI relaxes smooth muscles.
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What receptors does EPI stimulate? | Alpha and beta
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What is the drug of choice to treat acute allergic reactions? | EPI
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What receptors does NE stimulate? | Alpha-1
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What is the function oc acetylcholinesterase? | It breaks down ACH.
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Where is acetulcholinesterase found? | In the area of cholinergic receptors.
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Where are the 3 cholinergic receptors located and what drug blocks them? | 1. Muscarinic : postganglionic nerve endings - anticholinergic 2. Nicotinic-muscle : NMJ of skeletal muscle - NM-blockers or muscle relaxants 3. Nicotinic-nerve : Ganglionic sites (PSNS-SNS) - Ganglionic blockers
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Explain direct-acting cholinergic drugs. | Binds to muscarinic receptors and acts like ACH but for a longer period than ACH.
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Explain indirect-acting cholinergic drugs. | Inhibits acetylcholinestearse and allows accumulation of ACH.
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What are 2 types of indirect-acting cholinergic drugs? | Reversible and irreversible inhibitors.
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What is a potential adverse effect of cholinergic drugs? | Excessive stimulation.
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What is a potential adverse effect of anticholinergic drugs? | Excessive blockage.
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What parasympathetic receptors are located on the membranes of internal organs? | Muscarinic receptors.
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What are depolarizing blockers? | They inhibit muscle contraction by binding to Nm receptor and depolarizing so ACH can't stimulate it.
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What are nondepolarizing blockers? | They bind to Nm receptors but don't stimulate it. act as antagonist to ACH.
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What are peripheral skeletal muscle relaxants? | Inhibits muscle contraction at NMJ by blocking Nm receptors.
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What are centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants? | Block conduction in the spinal cord and brain.
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What is Nervemuscular junction? | Where nerve connects to muscle.
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What are 2 types of peripheral skeletal muscle relaxants? | Depolarizing and nondepolarizing.
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what is fasiculation? | Twitching of muscle fiber group.
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What is hyperthermia? | Drastic increase in temperature.
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What is vagolytic action? | Inhibition of vagus nerve to the heart, causes increase in heart rate.
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What is a vasodilator? | relaxes sphincters linding to increase in blood flow.
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What is the major toxicity associated w/ NM-blockers and what is the antidote? | Paralysis of respiratory muscle. Neostigmine or edrophonium.
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Explain how Dantrolene works. | Dantrolene inhibits muscle contraction by blocking calcium release in the muscle cells
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When are centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant used? | situations where spinal cord has been damaged or for surgical procedures.
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what are spasmotytics? | Drugs that can inhibit or interrupt painful intermittent muscle contractions.
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What is a thin membrane enclosing a striated, skeletal muscle fiber? | sarcolemma
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What is the space around the brain and spinal cord that contains the cerebrospinal fluid called? | Intrathecal
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What is myelin? | The fatty sub. that covers and protects nerves and allows efficient conduction of action potential down the axon.
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Synonym to potentiates? | Synergy
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What is the difference between local and general anesthetics? | A general anesthetic depresses response to the CNS while local affects nerve conduction which can be specific to limited area of the body.
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What is an exagerated response to a local anesthetic? | hypersensitivity.
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What is placing a drug on the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane? | Topical application
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What is an injection of a local anaesthetic into the subarachnoid space? | spinal anesthesia
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What is an injection of a local anaesthetic into the extradural space? | Epidural anesthesia
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What is an injection of a local anaesthetic into the caudal or subcaudal cnal? | Caudal anesthesia
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What is an injection of a local anaesthetic directly into the tissue? | Infiltration anesthesia
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What is an injection of a local anaesthetic under the skin? | intradermal anesthesia
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How do local anesthetics block the response to pain. | Blocks nerve fiber conduction by inhibiting sodium ions from crossing the membrane. This inhibits sensory nerves that carry pain.
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Why are local anesthetics valuable? | Because they block sensory nerves without inhibiting motor nerve functions.
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Which nerves are first affected by local anesthetics? | Sensory and autonomic nerves.
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Which nerves are last affected by local anesthetics? | Motor nerves.
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What are 2 classes of local anesthetics? | Ester and amide.
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What is the difference between ester and amide local anesthetics? | Esters have a short or moderate duration of action because they are metabolized by enzymes in the blood or skin. Amides have longer duration of action because they are metabolized in the liver.
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What body system is mostly affected by systemic absorbtion of a local anesthetic? | Blood vessel, heart and brain.
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Name an ester local anesthetic. | Procaine
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Name an amide local anesthetic. | Lidocaine
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Name a combination of ester and amide local anesthetic. | TAC
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What is special about cocaine? | It induces vasoconstriction.
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What are signs of CNS toxicity from local anesthetic injection? (4) | Restlessness, blurred vision, slurred speech and dizziness.
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What are 2 centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants? | valium and robaxin
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Name an alpha-blocker. | Flomax
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Name a nonselective beta-blocker. | Propanolol
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Name a selective beta-1 blocker. | Bisoprolol
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Name an alpha-agonists. | NE
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Name a beta-agonists. | Isoproterenol
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Name a beta-1 agonist. | Dobutamine
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Name a beta-2 agonist. | Ventolin
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What are the effects of adrenergic neural blockers? (3) | 1. Fake NE transmitter 2. Decrease NE storage 3. Decrease NE release.
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Name a adrenergic neural blocker | Reserpine, methyldopa
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What is automatism? | Drug induced confusion that can cause increased drug consumption.
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What are hyptnotics? | drugs used to induce and maintain sleep.
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What are sedative? | Drugs used to produce mental relaxation and to reduce the desire for physical activity.
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What are the 2 types of sleep? | REM and NREM
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Describe the NREM stages. | 1. Alpha waves, still aware, few min. 2. Theta waves, unaware, easily roused, 50% 3/4. Deep sleep, delta waves, physical rest, 25 %
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What is REM sleep? | Rapid Eye Mouvement sleep, dreaming, 25%, very hard to rouse, beta waves, mental restauration.
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What does GABA stands for? | Gamma-aminobutyric acid
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WHy do you take sedative-hypnotics? | To induce or maintain sleep.
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Explain BDZ. | they increase inhitory activity of GABA.
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Where do sonata and ambien bind? | BDZ subunit receptor.
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What is special about ethanol? | It has no half-life. It is not concentration dependent.
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What is akathisia? | Continuous body mouvement in which an individual is restless.
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What is dystonic reaction? | Reaction characterized by muscle spasms, twutching, facial grimacing or toticollis.
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What is EPS? | Mouvement disorder.
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What is tardive dyskinesia? | Drug-induced involuntary mouvements of the lips, jaw, tongue and extremities.
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What are the 2 receptors antagonists of antipsychotics? | Dopamine and serotonin.
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wHat are the 3 types of depressions? | 1. Reactive depression 2. MDD - Major depressive disorder 3. Bipolar mood disorder.
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What is the monoamine theory of mental depression? | Depression is caused by low levels of serotonin and Ne.
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What is a seizure? | abnormal electrical discharge of neuron resultin in unvoluntary mouvement.
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What is epilepsy? | Comdition involving recurrent seizures caused by an underlying neuron activity issue.
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What are the types of seizure? | Tonic (cont. all), Clonic (cont.-rel), tonic-clonic, myoclonic (clonic 1 area), atonic (loss tone), absence (unconscience)
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