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Bacteria and Viruses

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Term
Definition
prokaryote   organism whose cells lack a nucleus  
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bacillus   rod-shaped prokaryote  
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coccus   spherical prokaryote  
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spirillum   spiral or corkscrew shaped prokaryote  
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chemoheterotroph   organism that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon  
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photoheterotroph   organism that is photosynthetic but needs organic compounds as a carbon source  
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photoautotroph   organism that uses sunlight energy to convert CO2 and H2O to carbon compounds  
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chemoautotroph   organism that makes carbon molecules from CO2 using energy from chemical reactions  
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obligate anaerobe   organism that does not require oxygen in order to live  
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obligate aerobe   organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live  
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facultative anaerobe   organism that survive with or without oxygen  
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binary fission   type of asexual reproduction where an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing 2 identical daughter cells  
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conjugation   form of sexual reproduction where paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information  
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endospore   type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm  
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nitrogen fixation   process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia  
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virus   particle consisting of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells  
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capsid   outer protein coat of a virus  
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bacteriophage   virus that infects bacteria  
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lytic infection   process where virus enters a cell, copies itself, and causes the cell to burst  
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lysogenic infection   process where a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of a host cell and is replicated along with he host cell's DNA  
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prophage   the viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA  
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retrovirus   virus that contains RNA as its genetic information  
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pathogen   disease causing agent  
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vaccine   a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens  
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antibiotic   compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria  
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viroid   single-stranded RNA molecule that has no surrounding capsids  
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prion   infectious particle made up of protein rather than DNA or RNA  
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