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| a fat cell |
adipose cell |
| the digestive tube that runs from the mouth to the anus |
alimentary canal |
| substances that neutralize harmful moelcules called free radicals that would otherwise damage important cell parts; examples are vitamin C and vitamin E |
antioxidant |
| a special phosphorus compound that seves as the energy carrier of a cell and as a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy; is used to power most cell processes |
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
| an amount of energy equal to the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius; often called kilocalorie to distinguish it from the calorie (lowercase c) used in physics |
Calorie kilocalorie |
| organic compounds, such as sugars, starches, and cellulose, that consist of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in roughly a 1:2:1 ratio; serve as a cell's primary fuel supply |
carbohydrates |
| a lipid, manufactured by the liver, that is necessary for the production of bile, vitamin D, and some hormones |
cholesterol |
| a lipid molecule composed of three fatty acid molecules held together by a single molecule of glycerol; a fat molecule |
triglyceride |
| the large intestine |
colon |
| a muscular tube at the end of the alimentary canal used to store undigested material and expel it to the outside |
rectum |
| substances such as cellulose in the diet that are not digested but help the intestines to function efficiently |
dietary fiber |
| the changing of food substances with large complex chemical molecules into substances which have smaller, less complex molecules so that they can be used by body cells |
digestion |
| the first ten inches of thesmall intestine as it comes from the stomach |
duodenum |
| a medical tem for gastric indigestion producing symptoms of heartburn, belching, nausea, and vomiting |
dyspepsia |
| protein molecules that are produced by living cells and serve as catalysts; perform such functions as tranforming raw materials into useful substances, breaking down food moelcules to produce energy, and breaking down old proteins to be recycled |
enzymes |
| a strong acid produced and released by the stomach that aids digestion and helps prevent harmful bacteria from invading the digestive tract |
hydrochloric acid |
| organic compounds composed of chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but having much less oxygen than carbohydrates; used to store energy, to build cell parts, and to construct various hormones |
lipid |
| a large, reddish-brown organ located in the upper right side of the abdomen just beneath the diaphragm; serves vital funtions in the digestive system, the circulatory system, the excretory system, and even the lymphatic and immune systems |
liver |
| a glandular organ in the abdominal cavity that secretes hormones and digestive enzymes |
pancreas |
| a saclike organ beneath the liver that is used to store bile and release it to the small intestine |
gall-bladder |
| the sum of all cellular or body activities related to the use of food and oxygen |
metabolism |
| the condition of being 20% or more over one's ideal weight due to excess fat |
obese |
| technical term for the mouth |
oral cavity |
| the throat; the portion of the digestive tract between the mouth and the esophagus |
pharynx |
| the muscular tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach |
esophagus |
| a chemical process whereby a substance is combined with oxygen |
oxidation |
| the rhythmic wave of muscular contractions of the exophagus and digestive tract that serves to move the contents through the tract |
peristalsis |
| (1) deposits of fatty material and calcuim buildup in the wall of a blood vessel; (2) a thin, transparent film of bacteria (primarily Streptococcus mutans) that accumulates on to the surface of teeth and hardens into tartar if not removed |
plaque |
| the medical term for tooth decay or "cavities" |
dental caries |
| complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells; consist of complex chains of amino acids |
proteins |
| any of the approximately 22 organic moelcules that serve as the "building blocks" of proteins |
amino acids |
| any of several common forms of bacterial infection (food poinsoning) that occur when bacteria of the genus Salmonella get into or on food |
salmonella |
| a long, muscular tube that serves as the primary organ of digestion and absorption |
small intestine |
| a complex carbohydrate moelecule that consists of a long chain of simple carbohydrates |
starch |
| an enlargement of the alimentary canal which functions as an organ of storage and digestion |
stomach |
| an open sore on a covering or lining of the body, especially in the stomach or alimentary canal |
ulcer |
| the miscroscopic projections of the internal lining of the small intestine that provide a large surface area for the absorption of material into the body |
villi |
| any of the fine extensions of the epithelial cells of the villi in the small intestine that greatly increse the surface area for absorption |
microvilli |
| important organic substances found in foods that are needed in small amounts for the proper functioning of an organism's chemical processes, or metabolism, most serve as coenzymes |
vitamins |
| an inorganic substance necessary in the diet for proper growth and repair of tissues |
minerals |
