Chapter 7- PAVLOV
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| Unconditioned Stimulus US | a stimulus that causes a natural and automatic response from the organism (reinforcer)
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| Unconditioned Response UR | natural and automatic response that is elicited when an unconditioned stimulus is presented to the organism
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| Conditioned Stimulus CS | a stimulus that before conditioning does not cause an organism to respond in any particular way
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| Conditioned response CR | also called the Conditioned Reflex. a response that is made to a stimulus not originally associated with hat response. (salvation to a ring of a bell)
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| Extinction | when the conditioned stimulus is presented to the organism and is not followed by a response
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| Spontaneous recovery | Following a delay after extinction, the CS again elicits conditioned responses.
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| Secondary Reinforcer |
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| Primary Reinforcer | Unconditioned Stimulus
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| Higher-Order Conditioning | Second Order Conditioning, Third Order Conditioning
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| Generalization | The tendency for an organism to respond not only to the specific stimulus it was trained on but also to related stimuli.
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| Discrimination | Learning to respond to one stimulus but not to other stimuli, although they may be related to the first.
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| Backward Conditioning | The CS is presented to the organism after the US is presented.
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| Information Value | The ability of a stimulus to act as a signal to an organism that a significant event is about to occur.
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| Excitation | An increase in brain activity. (positive stimulus)
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| Inhibition | A decrease in brain activity. (Negative Stimulus)
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| Dynamic Stereotype | Mapping of the events consistently occurring in the environment.
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| Irradiation of Excitation | the tendency of excitation or inhibition in the specific area of the brain to spill over into neighboring brain regions.
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| Cortical Mosaic | The patter of excitation and inhibition that constitutes the activity of the cortex at any given moment.
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| Concentration | Excitation and inhibition can be focused or restrict to certain parts of the brain
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| Excitatory Conditioning | Classical conditioning observed when a CS-US pairing produces a response
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| Conditioned Inhibition | Instrumental/Operant: is a learned response of not responding.
Classical: CS-US pairing suppresses a response
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| External Inhibition | The disruptive effect that occurs when a novel stimulus is presented along with an already established CS
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| Disinhibition |
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| Orienting Reflex |
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| First Signal System |
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| Second Signal System |
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| Semantic Generalization |
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| Renewal Effect |
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| Reinstatement |
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| Overshadowing |
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| Blocking |
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| Conditioned Emotional Response CER |
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| Condition Suppression |
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| Forward Conditioning |
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| Truly Random Control Group |
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| Learned Helplessness |
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| latent inhibition Effect |
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| Learned Irrelevance |
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| Super Conditioning | Describes the facilitation of condition that occurs when an established conditioned inhibitor (cs-) is subsequently paired with the US
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| Garcia Effect | observation that animals form strong taste aversions easily and contradiction of classical conditioning
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| John. B Watson | Founder of the school of Behaviorism. According to Watson, the only reliable, observable, and measurable subject matter available to psychologist is behavior, and therefore behavior is all that psychologist should study. Human behavior was learned.
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| Behaviorism | A school of psychology, founded by Watson, that completely rejected the study of consciousness.
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| Counter Conditioning | The technique used to eliminate undesirable behavior where by a CS is paired with a US other than the one that originally reinforced the undesirable behavior.
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| Flooding | Using the technique of flooding the organism is forced to experience feared CS long enough to learn that aversive experience will not follow, thus creating the conditions necessary for extinction
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| Systematic Desensitization | Therapeutic technique developed by Wolpe whereby a phobia is extinguished by having a client approached the feared experience one small step at a time while relaxing after each step.
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| Anxiety Hierarchy | The initial stage of Wolpe's therapeutic technique of systematic desensitization. Take a series of related anxiety experiences and ordering them from the experience that causes the greatest amount of anxiety to the least amount.
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