endocrine system
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| define gland | an organ that secretes a substance
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| describe exocrine glands | secrete substances via ducts to the outside of the body
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| describe endocrine glands | secrete hormones directly into blood capillaries
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| describe true endocrine glands | produce only hormones
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| describe endocrine tissue | tissues found in organs that produce hormones, yet function in other ways as well
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| name the 6 true endocrine glands | hypophysis, thyroid, adrenals, thymus, pineal, parathyroid
(hey take away those pitiful puppies)
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| name the 10 places endocrine tissue can be found | heart, lungs, testes, ovaries, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, hypothalamus, kidneys, placenta (if pregnant)
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| which endocrine glands originate from the ectoderm? | pineal, hypophysis, adrenal medulla
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| which endocrine gland originates from the mesoderm? | adrenal cortex
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| which endocrine glands originate from the endoderm? | thymus, thyroid, parathyroid
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| name and describe the two local types of hormones | autocrines: act on themselves
paracrines: act on nearby cells
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| define amine | hormone comprised of one type of amino acid
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| name the amines | histamines, triptophan, tyrosine, T3 & T4
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| all amines are _____ soluble, except for __ & __, which are _____ soluble. | water, T3 & T4, lipid
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| where are amines manufactured? | RER of the secreting cell
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| target cell receptors are specific ________ | proteins
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| define up-regulation | target cell receptors increase in number to maintain homeostasis
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| define down-regulation | target cell receptors decrease in number to maintain homeostasis
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| which is more common: down-regulation or up-regulation? | down-regulation
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| a hormone's presence on a receptor activates the _ protein | G
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| what does the activation of the G protein stimulate? | an enzyme called adenylate cyclase, which splits ATP
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| as adenylate cyclase splits ___, a free _ is given off to form ___. ___ releases a free protein to become ____ | ATP, P, ADP, ADP, cAMP
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| what does cAMP's presence stimulate? | protein kinases which pick up all free Ps, causing protein alteration
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| define phosphorylation of protein | the process of adding free Ps to existing proteins
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| what is the most common form of protein alteration? | phosphorylation
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| how do lipid soluble hormones interact with target cells? | slip through the cell membrane and enter the target cell
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| the lipid soluble hormone attaches to the intracellular receptor, forming a _______-________ ________ | hormone-receptor complex
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| where does the hormone-receptor complex bind? | receptor proteins on the chromatin of DNA
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| during transcription, the hormone-receptor complex alters the strand of ____ | mRNA
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| during translation, ____ assembles a new protein from the altered ____ strand | tRNA, mRNA
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| name the three ways hormones interact with other hormones | permissively, synergistically, antagonistically
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| what happens when hormones interact permissively? | involves two hormones, one paves the way for the action of another
(FSH paves the way for estrogen)
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| what happens when hormones interact antagonistically? | the action of one hormone opposes another
(glucagon and insulin, CT and PTH)
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| what happens when hormones interact synergistically? | more than two hormones interact to achieve a common goal
most common form of interaction
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| what does a feedback system do? | aids in the control of hormone secretion
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| name the three components of a feedback system | receptor, brain, effector
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| which is more common: positive or negative feedback? | negative
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| define negative feedback | output counteracts the input
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| define positive feedback | output intensifies the input
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| negative feedback has a ___________-__________ effect | stimulatory-inhibitory
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| positive feedback has a ___________-___________ effect | stimulatory-stimulatory
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| in what three cases does positive feedback occur? | labor, clotting, disease
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| name the three modes of negative feedback that control hormonal secretion | hormonal, humoral, neural
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| describe the hormonal mode of negative feedback | hormones control the secretion of other hormones
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| describe the humoral mode of negative feedback | blood levels of hormones control the secretion of other hormones
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| describe the neural mode of negative feedback | nerve impulses control the secretion of hormones
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