Biomech. Exam 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| what is the difference bewteen qualitative and quantitative? | Qualitatic is not numerical, based on observation, equipment not necessary, focua on time. Quantitative is nuermerical, based on data collected, equipment necessary, focus on force | ||||
| what is an example of a qualitative measurement | gait analysis | ||||
| what is an example of a quantitative measurement? | stress on a shoulder for baseball pitch | ||||
| what are the four areas of study in biomechanics? | kinesiology v. biomechanics,anatomy v. functional anatom, linear v. angular motion,kinematics v. kinetics | ||||
| what does kinesiology study? | it is the study of movement without numbers | ||||
| what is the difference between kinesiology and biomechanics | kinesiology you can study eith humans or animals. biomechanic just studies human movement | ||||
| (T/F) kinesiology is more specific than biomechanics | False, it's the other way around | ||||
| define biomechanics | the applicaiont of mechanics to biological systems | ||||
| what studies anatomy, physiology, psychology, biomechanical functions of movement | kinesiology | ||||
| what is the "engine" of your body (the engine is what makes your car go/drive? | the heart | ||||
| what does anatomy tell you | what may be wrong | ||||
| what does anatomy focus on | the structure of the body | ||||
| what does the functional anatomy focus on | the body components necessary to achieve a goal | ||||
| what is the focus of functional anatomy | focus on the fuction of the structure | ||||
| what is another term for linear motion | translation or translational motion | ||||
| what is linear motion | motion on a straight or curved pathway | ||||
| what happens to the points during linear motion | all the points move in the same direction at the same time | ||||
| what is angular motion | motion around some point | ||||
| in angular motion, if the object is further away from the point of motion, what happens to the force needed? | increases | ||||
| (T/F) in sports or in everyday motion humans can only use either linear or angular motions but not both at the same time | False, both forms can be used at the same time. | ||||
| what does kinematics examine, | space and time | ||||
| what does kinetics exampine | forces | ||||
| (T/F) both kinematics and kinetics are used in biomechanics | true | ||||
| what makes up the axial skeleton | head, neck and trunk | ||||
| what makes up the appendicular skeleton | the upper and lower extremities | ||||
| in reference to positions what is the standard reference point | anatomical position | ||||
| where do the palms face during anatomical position | front | ||||
| describe fundamental position | similar to atomically position arms are relaxed palms face inward | ||||
| in regards to direction, where is medial | towards the midline of the body | ||||
| in regards to direction, where is lateral | away from the midline | ||||
| in regards to direction, where is proximal | towards the point of attachment | ||||
| in regards to direction, where is distal | away from the point of attachment | ||||
| in regards to direction, where is superior | toward the top of the head | ||||
| in regards to direction, where is inferior | towards the bottom of the feet | ||||
| in regards to direction, where is anterior | front, ventral | ||||
| in regards to direction, where is posterior | back, dorsal | ||||
| in regards to direction, what is ipsilateral | same side | ||||
| in regards to direction, what is contralateral | opposite side | ||||
| what happens to the joint angle during flexion | decreases | ||||
| what happens to the joint angle during extension | increases | ||||
| what is hyperextension | extending joint beyond the normal range of motion | ||||
| what is hyperflexion | flexing a joint beyond normal range of motion | ||||
| what is abduction | moving limb away from the midline of the body | ||||
| what adduction | moving limb towards the midline of the body | ||||
| what is hyperabduction | moving the limb beyond 180 degrees | ||||
| what is byperadduction | moving the limb beyond 0 degrees | ||||
| how does motion occur? | in a plane and about (around) an axis | ||||
| what is a plane | a two-dimentional surface defined by 3 points not in the same line | ||||
| what is an axis | a line passing perpendicular through a plane | ||||
| what does the sagittal plane divide | into right and left sides | ||||
| what does the transitional plane divide | into cranial and caudal | ||||
| what direction does the sagittal plane go in | vertical | ||||
| what direction does the transitional plane go in | horizontal | ||||
| what does the frontal plane divide | anterior and posterior | ||||
| what direction does the frontal plane go in | vertical | ||||
| what kind of rotations/movements occur on the sagittal plane | on a medial-lateral axis | ||||
| what kind of rotations/movement occurs on the frontal plane | an anterior-posterior axis | ||||
| what kind of rotations/movements occurs on the transverse plane | a longitudinal axis | ||||
| what happens to the toes during dorsiflexion | they point up | ||||
| what happens to the toes during plantarflexion | they point down | ||||
| what is shoulder elevation | lifting shoulder girdle up, shoulder shrug | ||||
| what is shoulder depression | moving shoulder girdle downward | ||||
| what is valgus movement | knock kneed | ||||
| what is varus movement | bow legged | ||||
| give examples of what kind of movements occur on the frontal plane | abduction/adduction, valgus/varus, elevation/depression, inversion/eversion, radial/ulnar deviation, R/L lateral flexion | ||||
| give examples of what kind of movements occur on the transverse plane | medial/lateral rotation, pronation/supination, circumduction, and horizontal abduction/horizontal adduction | ||||
| what body parts are applied to lateral flexion | head and trunk only | ||||
| describe circumduction | movement in a conic fashion | ||||
| what is protraction of the scapula | moving the scapulae apart | ||||
| what is retraction of the scapula | moving the scapulae together | ||||
| what is upward rotation of the scapulae | bottom of the scapulae move away from the trunk, top moves forward | ||||
| what is downward rotation of the scapulae | return to normal after upward rotaion | ||||
| what is radial deviation | moving hand towards thumb | ||||
| what is ulnar deviation | moving hand towards pinkie | ||||
| what is plantarflexion | increasing the angle between foot and shank | ||||
| what is dorsiflexion | decreasing the angle between foot and shank | ||||
| what is inversion | lift of the medial edge of foot | ||||
| what is eversion | lift of the lateral edge of foot | ||||
| (T/F) Pronation/supination is the same as inversion/eversion | False | ||||
| describe pronation of the foot | dorsiflexion of the ankle, eversion in tarsals, abduction of the forefoot | ||||
| describe supination of the foot | plantarflexion of the ankle, inversion of tarsals, adduction of the forefoot | ||||
| what are axes | imaginary lines that intersect at right angles with the plane | ||||
| what are origins | the point of intersection of the axes | ||||
| define relative | segment movement, relative to the adjacent segment | ||||
| define absolute | axes intersect in the center at a joint | ||||
| what is a cardinal plane | planes positioned at right angles and intersecting the center o mass | ||||
| what is the point about which movements occur | axis | ||||
| the axis is (parallel/perpendicular) to the plane of motion | perpendicular | ||||
| (T/F) the transvers, sagittal, and frontal are the only planes that exist | False | ||||
| what are degrees of freedom | the number of planes in which a joint has ability to move | ||||
| how many degrees of freedom does a uniaxial joint have | one | ||||
| what is good example of a uniaxial joint | elbow | ||||
| what is the name of a joint with two degrees of freedom? | biaxial | ||||
| what is a good example of a joint with two degrees of freedom | wrist | ||||
| how many degrees of freedom does a triaxial joint have | three degrees of freedom | ||||
| what is a good example of a joint with three degrees of freedom | shoulder/hip | ||||
| what is the equation for stress | σ = F/A | ||||
| what is stress | force applied to deform a structure | ||||
| what is strain | deformation caused by applied stress | ||||
| what is the equation for stain | ε = ΔL/L | ||||
| what does elastic modulus measure | the stiffness of a tissue | ||||
| what is the equation for tissue stiffness (elastic modulus) | k = stress/strain = σ/ε | ||||
| what is the yield point of a tissue? | the point at which the tissue enters into its plastic region | ||||
| before the tissue hits it's yield point, what region is it in | elastic region | ||||
| what region is the tissue in once it is past the yield point | plastic region | ||||
| describe the elastic region of tissue | the point at which the tissue is stretched but still returns to it's original shape/structure | ||||
| describe the plastic region of tissue | the point at which the tissue is stretched so far that it does not return to its original shape | ||||
| describe failure of a tissue | if the applied force continues beyond the plastic region, leads to the tissue failing | ||||
| On a stress-strain curve what is the rise | y=stress | ||||
| on a stress-strain curve what is the run | x=strain | ||||
| on a stress-strain curve what is the hypotenuse | the elastic modulus | ||||
| what is the first region (the region before the yield point) of the stress-strain curve | elastic region | ||||
| what is the first point of the graph on a stress-strain curve | yield point | ||||
| what is the second region (the region after the yield point) on a stress-strain curve graph | plastic region | ||||
| what is the second point on a stress-strain curve graph | point of failure | ||||
| for viscoelastic material, what is the speed at which it reaches failure based on? | force and time | ||||
| what is residual strain | the difference between original length and length resulting from stress into the plastic region | ||||
| (engineering) what is the safety factor. | the design of a structure that is able to withstand 5-10X typical stress on a structure | ||||
| (T/F) the human body is built to withstand stresses that are much greater than what it usually deals with on a daily basis (It has a built in safety factor) | True | ||||
| (T/F) the slower the rate of stress-strain the longer it will take for the viscoelastic material to fail | True | ||||
| what is stored mechanical energy | proportional to the area under stress-strain curve | ||||
| what is the equation for mechanical energy | ME = ½σε | ||||
| what is Hysteresis | the energy that is lost in viscoelastic tissue failure | ||||
| why is a ligament/tendon never able to go back to where it originally ways after a sprain/strain | hysteresis | ||||
| what is the linear relationship between stress and strain | elastic | ||||
| what is the nonlinear elastic relationship between stress and strain | viscoelastic | ||||
| approx. _______% of total body weight is the skeleton and it's components | 20 | ||||
| what influences the skeleton | physical activity, nutrition (especially at a young age), and postural habits | ||||
| what are the five functions of the skeleton | leverage, support, protection, storage, and blood cell formation | ||||
| what two functions of the skeleton are critically important for movement | leverage and support | ||||
| what is in importance of the levers and long bones? | magnifies force/speed of movement | ||||
| define morphology | the shape and structural arrangement of bones and characteristics of the articulations connecting the bones | ||||
| (T/F) bones increase/grows inferior to superior | False | ||||
| what do bones protect | brain and other internal organs | ||||
| what do bones store | fats and minerals | ||||
| where does RBC formation occur (hematopoisis) in the bone | inside the cavities of the bone | ||||
| what is the bone matrix made out of | inorganic salts and collagen | ||||
| what is the clinical term for bone cells | osteocytes | ||||
| what are the osteocytes that break down the bony tissue | osteoclasts | ||||
| what are the osteocytes that build up the bony tissue | osteoblasts | ||||
| what is the clinical term for bone tissue | osseous tissue | ||||
| what is the term for the compact, very dense, outer layer of bone | Cortical | ||||
| what is the term used for the spongy, very porous, inner layer of bone | cancellous | ||||
| give some examples of long bones | ulna, clavical, femur | ||||
| give some examples of short bones | tarsals and carpals | ||||
| give some examples of flat bones | ribs, scapula, sternum | ||||
| give some examples of irregular bones | skull, vertebrae | ||||
| give some examples of sesamoid bones | patella | ||||
| bones are made up of ___________% water (by weight) | 25-30 | ||||
| bones are made up of ______________% of minerals and collagen | 60-70 | ||||
| what are the two main minerals in bone tissue | calcium and phosphate | ||||
| what affects the viscoelastic properties | the deformation rate | ||||
| what happens as a safety response to repeated trauma or bruises on the bone | myositis ossifications | ||||
| Who was Julius Wolff? | the German anatomist who came up with "Wolff's law" | ||||
| what does Wolff's Law say about reabsorption of bone tissue | it is in response to degreased stress | ||||
| which osteocyte dominates during reabsorption of bone tissue (osteoclast/osteoblast)? | osteoclast | ||||
| what causes the bone to go into reabsorption? | disuses, immobilizes, and microgravity | ||||
| what does Wolff's Law say about deposition of bone tissue | in response to increased stress | ||||
| which osteocyte dominates during deposition of bone tissue (osteoclasts/osteoblasts) | osteoblasts | ||||
| what causes the bone to go into deposition | weight-bearing exercise | ||||
| (T/F) Bones require mechanical stress to grow and strengthen | True | ||||
| what does increased loading do to bone deposition | increases | ||||
| what does increased bone do to bone density | increased | ||||
| what doe increased loading do to bone density | increases | ||||
| give some example of activities that will help increase bone density | running, lifting weights, swimming, and football | ||||
| what is the clinical term for when bone reabsorption exceeds bone deposition | osteoporosis | ||||
| what is the problem with osteoporosis | increased risk of bone fracture. | ||||
| what are the three things that are related to osteoporosis | hormonal factors, nutritional imbalances, and lack of exercise | ||||
| Bone is (anisotropic/viscoelastic/both) | both | ||||
| define anisotropic | response depends on direction of load application | ||||
| define viscoelastic | response depends on rate of duration of loading | ||||
| for the anisotropic properties of a bone, a bone is able to handle more of which type of stress (compression/tension/shear) | compression | ||||
| for the anisotropic properties of a bone, a bone is able to handle less of which type of stress (compression/tension/shear) | shear | ||||
| (T/F) in the elastic region, when the force is applied to to the tissue/bone the bone does not deform | False | ||||
| in the elastic region of tissue, when the applied force to the tissue/bone is removed what happens to the tissue | it returns to normal | ||||
| what happens when loading continues beyond yield point | it enters the plastic region | ||||
| what structurally happens to the bone once it enters into the plastic region | microtears and debonding | ||||
| once the load/force is removed from a bone that is in it's plastic region what happens to the bone | it is permanently deformed | ||||
| what happens when the loading continues beyond the plastic region | eventual fracture (failure of that tissue) | ||||
| (Stress strain curve) what is the resulting fracture when the curve goes straight up real fast then levels out | compound | ||||
| how do you know the strength of a bone | the failure point load sustained before failure point | ||||
| what are the two things that cause failure of bone tissue | single traumatic event, accumulation of microfractures | ||||
| how is the strength of a bone assessed | energy storage, area under stress-strain curve | ||||
| how is bone stiffness measured | modulus elasticity (slope of the load deformation curve) | ||||
| bone is (stiff/flexible) and (strong/weak) | flexible and weak | ||||
| what happens to the bone during compression forces | pressing the ends of the bone together | ||||
| what happens to the bone during tension forces | pulling or stretching of the bone | ||||
| what happens to the bone during shear forces | parallel to the surface of the object | ||||
| what happens to the bone during bending forces | applied to area of having no direct support | ||||
| what is the difference between three-point and four-point bending forces on a bone | 3-point it breaks in one spot, 4-point could break anywhere (because force is more dispersed) | ||||
| what is the effect of a torsional force on a bone | twisting force | ||||
| (T/F) Bone does not adapt to changes of loading, this is why it breaks so easily | False | ||||
| what happens to the bone if there is a high rate of loading | increased injury risk | ||||
| what is the effect of muscles loading on the bone | compression and tension | ||||
| how does reabsorption/deposition affect stress fractures | reabsorption weakens bones, deposition occurs too slowly | ||||
| what do stress fractures result from | repetitive muscle forces pulling on the bone, muscle fatigue -> weakened muscles -> reduced shock absorption | ||||
| stress fractures make up ______% of injuries to athletes | 10 | ||||
| the injury threshold for stress fractures is generally at a (high/low) loading level | low | ||||
| the injury thresh for stress fractures is generally at a (high/low) repetition rate | low | ||||
| describe cartilage tissue | firm, flexible tissue; avascular | ||||
| if cartilage is avascular, how does it receive nutrients | nourished by the fluid with in the joint | ||||
| what are the two functions of cartilage | increase joint stability and decrease load in joint | ||||
| how does cartilage reduce load in the joint | reduces contact stress | ||||
| what is another name for articular cartilage | hyaline | ||||
| where is articular cartilage found | covers joint ends at articulations | ||||
| how much of hyaline cartilage is water | 60-80% | ||||
| articular cartilage contains collagen and ___________ | proteoglycan | ||||
| what are the two functions of fibrocartilage | improves fit between bones, intermediary between hyaline cartilage and other connective tissue | ||||
| what kind of cartilage are the meniscus of the knee | articular disks | ||||
| where in the body is fibrocartilage found | intervertebral discs, jaw, and knee | ||||
| what do ligaments connect | bone to bone | ||||
| what makes up ligaments (what is it made out of)? | collagen, elasin, and reticulin | ||||
| (T/F) ligaments can be capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular | True | ||||
| (t/f) ligaments are viscoelastic | true | ||||
| for a ligament, what is maximum stress related to | cross-sectional area | ||||
| what is the effect of increased loading on ligaments | stronger and stiffer | ||||
| what is another name fore a synovial joint | diarthritic joint | ||||
| friction in the synovial joint is (high/low) | low | ||||
| synovial joints have a (high/low) resistance to wear and tear | high | ||||
| what four components make up a synovial joint | articular (hyaline) cartilage, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, ligaments | ||||
| what two things comprise the articular capsule in the synovial joint | the fibrous capsule and synovial membrane | ||||
| how is joint stability created | ligaments, gravity, and vaccum (does not allow air/fluid inside the joint...these are bad) | ||||
| list the three classifications of joint stability | simple, compound, and complex | ||||
| what is a simple joint | has two articulating surfaces | ||||
| what is an example of a simple joint | hip | ||||
| what is a compound joint | has three or more articulating surfaces | ||||
| what is an example of a compound joint | wrist | ||||
| what is a complex joint | two surfaces with articular discs or fibrocartilage | ||||
| what is an example of a complex joint | knee | ||||
| name the two joint positions | close-packed and loose-packed | ||||
| of the two joint positions, which one has the most contact between surfaces | close-packed position | ||||
| of the two positions, which one has the most compression possible | close-packed position | ||||
| of joint positions, which one forces travel through joint as if it did not exist | closed-packed position | ||||
| what are some examples of a closed-packed position | full extension at the knee, maximum dorsiflexion of the foot | ||||
| describe a a loosed-packed position of a joint | all other joint positions, less area between surfaces. | ||||
| name joint types that can flex and extend (hinge, pivot, and etc.) | hinge, condylar, Ellipsoid, saddle, ball and socket | ||||
| name joint types that can abduct and adduct (hinge, pivot, and etc.) | ellipsoid, saddle, ball and socket | ||||
| name joints that can rotate (hinge, pivot, and etc.) | pivot, Ball and socket, condylar (some), saddle (some) | ||||
| describe a plane/gliding joint | two flat surfaces sliding over one another | ||||
| what is an example of a hinge joint | elbow | ||||
| what is an example of a pivot joint | radioulnar | ||||
| what is an example of a condylar joint | knee | ||||
| what is an example of a ellipsoid joint | metacarpophalangeal (your fist) | ||||
| name the only saddle joint in the body | thumb | ||||
| give an example of a ball and socket joint | shoulder | ||||
| give an example of a plane/gliding joint | carpals (wrist) | ||||
| bones are held together by (fibrous/cartilaginous) articulations | fibrous | ||||
| describe the movement ability of synarthrodial/fibrous joints | little to know movement allowed | ||||
| give an example of synarthrodial/fibrous joints | sutures of the skull | ||||
| describe of cartilaginous joints | hyaline/fibrocartilage that holds joints together | ||||
| how much movement is allowed with a cartilaginous joint | little movement | ||||
| give an example of a cartilaginous joint | intervertebral discs | ||||
| what kind of loading can cause cartilage erosion of the joints | high or repetitive loading | ||||
| name two joint pathologies that cause joint erosion | osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease | ||||
| what is the skeleton comprised of | bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments | ||||
| (T/F) bones are both Anisotropic and viscoelastic | true | ||||
| what are the four characteristics of muscles | irritability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity | ||||
| what is irritability | the ability to respond to stimulation | ||||
| what is contractility | the ability to shorten when it receives sufficient stimulus | ||||
| of the four characteristics of muscle, which one is most unique to muscle tissue | contractility | ||||
| what is extensibility | the ability to stretch/lengthen beyond the point of resting | ||||
| of the four muscle characteristics which two are a protective mechanism | extensibility and elasticity | ||||
| what is elasticity | the ability to return to a resting length after being stretched | ||||
| what are the three main functions of muscle | produce movement, maintain postures/positions, and stabilize joints | ||||
| what are some other functions of muscles | support and protect visceral organs, alter and control cavity pressure, maintain body temperature, and control entrances and exits | ||||
| (T/F) muscles typically act independently from each other. they rarely act in unison | False | ||||
| what are the two classifications regarding the direction of muscle fibers? | parallel and pennate | ||||
| what are some subclassifications of parallel muscle fiber arrangement | flat, fusiform, strap, radiate (convergent), circular | ||||
| what are some subclassifications of pennate muscle fiber arrangements | unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate | ||||
| describe the muscle fibers/fascicles of fusiform muscles | parallel fibers and fascicles | ||||
| describe the type of force produced and the speed of each contraction with fusiform fibers | high speed of contraction and high force production | ||||
| (T/F) In a Fusiform muscle, taking an anatomical cross section is better than taking a physiological cross section. | False, you will end up with the same number of muscle fibers | ||||
| give some examples of muscles with parallel fiber types | sartorius, bicepts brachii, and brachialis | ||||
| in a muscle where is the fascia located? | outside the muscle group...wraps around the muscle as a whole | ||||
| give and example of a muscle with fusciform type fibers | bicepts brachii | ||||
| what is the difference between a fusciform and strap muscle fiber types | fusciform muscles have a "belly" (it gets bigger in the middle/meat of the muscle), while the strap does not (it remains the same width from origin to insertion) | ||||
| what is an example of muscle fibers that are classified as a strap? | sartorious | ||||
| what are is an example of muscle fibers that are classified as circular | orbicularis oris | ||||
| what is an example of a muscle with fibers that are classified as flat | external oblique | ||||
| what is an example of a muscle that has convergent muscle fibers | pectoralis major | ||||
| what classifies a muscle as unipennate? | the muscle fibers go of to one side of the tendon | ||||
| what is an example of a unipennate muscle? | semimembranosus | ||||
| what is the difference between a muscle with flat muscle fibers than a muscle with fusciform fibers | a muscle with flat fibers with be the same size at the point of insertion and they are at the origin | ||||
| what classifies a muscle as bipennate? | the muscle fibers go off both sides of the tendon | ||||
| what classifies a muscle as multipennate? | the muscle with have both unipennnate and bipennate properties | ||||
| what is an example of a bipennate muscle? | gastronemius | ||||
| what is an example of a muscle with multipennate fibers | deltoid | ||||
| (T/F) in pennate muscles it is better to take a Physiological Cross Sectional than a Anatomical Cross Sectional | True | ||||
| how many types of muscle fibers are there? name them. | three, Type I, Type IIa, and Type IIb | ||||
| describe the three characteristics of Type I muscles | slow twitch/oxidative, red (because of high Mb content), Endurance Athletes | ||||
| describe Type IIa muscle fibers | intermediate fast twitch, oxidative-glycolyticq | ||||
| describe the three characteristics of Type IIb muscle fibers | fast twitch (glycolytic), white, sprinters and jumpers | ||||
| what is the belly of a muscle | the thick central portion | ||||
| What is the difference between taking a PCS and a ACS (how are they taken that makes them different)? | ACS goes through the muscle horizontally, PCS goes through the muscle fibers vertically | ||||
| What does the Endomysium cover? | they cover the individual muscle fiber | ||||
| what covering covers a bundle of muscle fibers? | fascicles | ||||
| what muscle covering covers the fascicles | emimysium | ||||
| what is the dense connective sheath covering a fascicle | perimysium | ||||
| define muscle fiber (fibers) | cells of a skeletal muscle | ||||
| what is the very fine sheath covering individual muscle fibers | endomysium | ||||
| what is a sarcolemma | thin plasma membrane branching into muscle | ||||
| what are the rod-like strands of contractile filaments? | myofibrils | ||||
| what are myofibrils | many sarcomeres in a series | ||||
| what is the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber called | sarcoplasm/sarcoplasma | ||||
| what is the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) | a specialized Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum), found only in mucle cells | ||||
| what is the function of the SR | protein production (the wall is studded with lots of ribosomes) | ||||
| What is the extention of the Sarcolemma that protrudes into muscle cell | T-tubules | ||||
| what is another name for T-tubule | transverse tubule | ||||
| regarding myofilaments, which is the thick/dark filament | myosin | ||||
| describe the appearance of actin | thin, light | ||||
| what is a unit of myosin and actin called | sarcomere | ||||
| what is the contractile unit of the muscle | sarcomere | ||||
| define a motor unit | a motor neuron and the group of muscle fiber that it innervates | ||||
| about how many muscle fibers help to form a motor unit | 4 to 2,000 muscle fibers/1 motor unit | ||||
| what is action potential | the signal to contract from motor neuron | ||||
| what is the end plate | neuromuscular junction | ||||
| what is the neuromuscular junction | where the action potential from neuron meets muscle fibers | ||||
| what the the term for the velocity at which action potential is propagated along a membrane | conduction velocity | ||||
| what is the resting potential of a muscle fiber | -70 mV | ||||
| what is the voltage across the plasma membrane in a resting state | resting potential | ||||
| what is the transmission of action potential along a sarcolemma | Excitation-Contraction Coupling | ||||
| define a muscle twitch | the rise and fall of a single action potential | ||||
| what is the sustained muscle contraction from a high-frequency stimulation | tetanus | ||||
| describe depolarization | when the muscle fiber (or nerve cell) becomes less negative (-50mV; or any time the negativity comes back to 0mV) | ||||
| what is repolarization | when the negativity of the cell comes back to the initial resting potential | ||||
| what is hyperpolarization | whenever the negativity shoots up past -70mV (to -100mV) | ||||
| who is A.F. Husxley | came up with the sliding filament theory | ||||
| what does the sliding filament theory seek to explain | production of tension inn muscle | ||||
| what is the sliding filament theory | actin and myosin create cross bridges, slide past one another, and cause the sarcomere to contract | ||||
| after the the myosin head binds to the active site in actin | myosin bends and pulls actin, then it detaches and moves on | ||||
| what are three ways that muscles attach to bones | directly, via a tendon, via an aponeurosis | ||||
| what is an inelastic bundle of collagen fibers | tendon | ||||
| what is an aponeurosis | a sheath of fibrous tissue | ||||
| define the origin of a muscle | where the muscle starts | ||||
| (T/F) The origin of a muscle is always the more proximal attachment | False | ||||
| what is a muscle where the origin is the most distal. | rectus adominis | ||||
| what is the insertion | the bone that the muscle pulls | ||||
| what transmits muscle force to associated bone | tendon | ||||
| a tendon can with stan (high/low) tensile loads | high | ||||
| a tendon (does/does not) have a viscoelastic stress-strain response | does | ||||
| what is the myotendinous junction | where tendons and muscle joints | ||||
| (T/F) the motor unit has a natural negative polarity | True | ||||
| (T/F) The polarity of a muscle/nerve cell does not pass 0mV during depolarization | False, it can get as high as +30mV during depolarization | ||||
| define depolarization | when the polarity of a cell starts changing from negative to positive | ||||
| in a membrane potential graph/curve, where is action potential | at the point/peak of the curve | ||||
| define repolarization | the membrane polarity is now going back to negative | ||||
| define hyperpolarization | the polarity of the membrane is more negative than it is at resting potential | ||||
| on a graph/curve, what is the hyperpolarization | the curve that goes below -70mV on the graph | ||||
| regarding the force-velocity relationship during concentric muscle contractions, if force increases what happens to velocity | it decreased | ||||
| regarding the force-velocity relationship during concentric muscle contractions, the highest force wlll produces the (highest/lowest) velocity | lowest | ||||
| regarding the force-velocity relationship during concentric muscle contractions, the highest velocity will produce the (highest/lowest) force | lowest | ||||
| if you are bench pressing a weight that is half twice your weight what will happen to the force? what will happen to the velocity | there will be a large amount of force, but it will be at a slow pace | ||||
| what are the three components of mechanical muscle (three-component model) | contractile (CC), Parallel Elastic (PEC), Series Elastic (SEC) | ||||
| what is the CC (contractile component) of the mechanical muscle model | converts stimulation into force | ||||
| what component of the, three-component model allows for stretching of the muscle? | Parallel Elastic Component (PEC) | ||||
| what is the PEC (Parallel Elastic Component) associated with | the fascia surrounding the muscle (muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs) | ||||
| what do muscle spindles do when the muscle stretches | they tighten up, don't allow the muscle to stretch. | ||||
| if you stretch and hold for 30 sec. before stretching further what is happening | the golgi tendons are allowing the muscle spindles to relax allowing you to stretch | ||||
| in regards to the three-component model of the mechanical muscle, what is the function of the Series Elastic Component (SEC) | transfers muscle force to the bone | ||||
| how does the SEC (series Elastic Component) to work | allows for the muscle fascia to relax | ||||
| name six roles of muscles (regarding movement) | primary mover, assistant mover, agonist, antagonist, stablizer, neurtalizer | ||||
| what is the role of a muscle that is responsible for a given movement (i.e. flexion/extention of the elbow) | primary mover | ||||
| what does and assistant mover do | a muscle/group of muscles that contribute to a movement | ||||
| what is the role of a muscle that is responsible for creating movement on the same joint as a primary mover | agonist | ||||
| what is the function of an antagonist muscle | a does the opposing movement as the primary mover | ||||
| what is the name of a role of a muscle that holds one segment still (stabilize) so a specific movement in an adjacent segment can occur | stabilizer | ||||
| what is the function of a neurtralizer muscle | a muscle that woks to eliminate undesired joint movement of another muscle | ||||
| name the three types of muscle actions/contraction | isometric, concentric, eccentric | ||||
| what is a type of muscle action that produces force without the muscle changing in length | isometric | ||||
| what is an example of isometric contraction | pushing against a wall, holding arms out to sides | ||||
| describe a concentric contraction | the muscle produces force as it shortens | ||||
| what is an example of a concentric contraction | biceps curl | ||||
| what is the direction of movement (in regards to origin and insertion) during a concentric contraction? | insertion moves towards the origin | ||||
| how many insertions and origins are on muscles that are used during concentric contractions? | there is one insertion and one origin | ||||
| of the three types of muscle contractions, which one would produce the most force | concentric contraction | ||||
| of the three types of muscle contractions, which one would produce the least amount of speed | concentric contractions | ||||
| describe eccentric contractions | the muscle is lengthening while it is producing force | ||||
| what is an example of eccentric contractions | "resist," resisting gravity | ||||
| of the three types of muscle contractions, which one would produce the least amount of force | eccentric | ||||
| of the three types of muscle contractions, which one would produce the most amount of speed | eccentric | ||||
| what muscles are in eccentric contractions during a squate | glutes and hamstrings | ||||
| if an insertion point of a muscle is close to the joint, what happens to the velocity/speed of the contraction | it increases | ||||
| if an insertion point of a muscle is close to the joint, what happens to the force production of the contraction | it would decrease | ||||
| if an insertion point of a muscle is far from the joint, what happens to the velocity/speed of the contraction | it would decrease | ||||
| if an insertion point of a muscle is far from the joint, what happens to the force production of the contraction | it would increase | ||||
| (T/F) muscles can only cross one joint | False. They can cross one or two joints | ||||
| give some examples of muscles that cross one joint | brachialis and pectoralis major | ||||
| give some examples of muscles that cross two joints | gastronemius, hamstring, biceps brachii | ||||
| what are some things that influence the muscle force | the angle of attachment, force-time characteristics, length-tension relationship, force-velocity relationship | ||||
| what makes force increase nonlinearly in muscles | elastic components | ||||
| what is a quick lengthening of a the muscles before a contraction | prestretch | ||||
| what generates a greater force than a contraction alone | prestretch | ||||
| prestretch utilizes the _________ component of a muscle | elastic | ||||
| for a Type I muscle you want to have a (faster/slower) prestretch because of (faster/slower) cross bridging | slower; slower | ||||
| for a Type II muscle you want to have a (faster/slower) prestretch because of (faster/slower) cross bridging | faster; faster | ||||
| what is the conditioning protocol that uses stretching? | plyometrics | ||||
| what are some examples of plyometric exercises | single leg bounds, depth jumps, and stair hoping | ||||
| what are two mechanisms that fatigue results from | central (nervous) mechanisms, a peripheral (muscular) mechanisms | ||||
| what are the two things that happen when a motor unit fatigues | change in frequency content, and change in amplitude of EMG signal | ||||
| what restores initial signal content and amplitude | rest | ||||
| what are the five principles of training | genetic predisposition, training speciticity, intensity (of the training), rest (time) , volume (amount of weight being lifted) |
Embed Code: If you would like this activity on your web page,
copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
show me how
Created by:
Kelsey Andriot
on 2012-01-24