AP Biology B
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| A type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides. | peptidoglycan
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| Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria. | gram-positive
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| A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells. | fimbria
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| An oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus. | taxis
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| A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions. | endospore
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| The plasmid form of the F factor. | F plasmid
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| An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide. | photoautotroph
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| An organism that uses light to generate ATP but must obtain carbon in organic form. | photoheterotroph
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| An organism that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source. | chemoautotroph
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| An organism that requires organic molecules for both energy and carbon. | chemoheterotroph
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| A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the “downhill” end of electron transport chains. | anaerobic respiration
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| A specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria; also called a heterocyte. | heterocyst
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| A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation. | biofilm
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| An organism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea. | extreme halophiles
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| An organism that produces methane as a waste product of the way it obtains energy. All known methanogens are in domain Archaea. | methanogen
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| An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact. | symbiosis
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| A symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit. | mutualism
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| A symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host. | parasitism
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| An organism, virus, viroid, or prion that causes disease. | pathogen
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| A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die. | endotoxin
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| A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer present. | exotoxin
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