musculoskeletal system
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acetabulum | Rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur (thigh bone), forming the hip joint
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acromion | Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle.
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articular cartilage | Thin layer of cartilage covering the bone in the joint space
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calcaneal | Pertaining to the calcaneus (heel bone)
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calcaneus | heel bone
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calcium | One of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in the bones
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cancellous bone | Spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
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carpals | wrist bones
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cartilage | Flexible, rubbery connective tissue. It is found in the immatue skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces.
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cervical vertebrae | vertebrae in the neck
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chondrocostal | Pertaining to the cartilage attached to the ribs
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clavicle | collar bone
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coccyx | tailbone
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collagen | Dense, connective tissue protein strands found around the outer portion of bones
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collas fracture | occurs near the wrist joint at teh distal end of the radius
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compact bone | hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer ortion of bones
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condyle | Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint
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crainial bones | Skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal
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crainiotome | Instument to cut the skull
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crainiotomy | incision of the skull
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crepitus | is the crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub each other or rub against roughened cartilage
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decalcification | Removal of calcium from bones
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diaphysis | Shaft, or mid-portion, of a long bone
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epiphyseal plate | Cartaginous area at teh ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton
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epiphysis | Each end of the long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate
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ethhmoid bone | thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and formsd part of the orbits of the eyes
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Ewing sarcoma | Rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occuring in children
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exostosis | bony growth (begnin) arising from the surface of the bone
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facial bones | Bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, andzygomatic
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femoral | Pertaining to the thigh bone (femur)
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femur | thigh bone
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fibula | the smaller of the two lower leg bones
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fibular | Pertaining to the smaller of the two lower leg bones
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fissure | Narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones
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fontanelle | Soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant
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foramen | Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.
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fossa | Shallow cavity in a bone
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frontal bone | froms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes
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haversian canals | Minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone.
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humeral | pertaining to the upper arm bone (humerus)
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humerus | upper arm bone
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hypercalcemia | Excessive calcium in the bloodstream
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iliac | Pertaining to the iliu (upper portion of the hip bone)
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ilium | upper portion of the hip bone
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impacted fracture | one fragment is driven firmly into the other
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ischium | Pertaining to the ischium (lower and posterior part of the hip bone)
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kyphosis | Abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic vertabrae
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lacrimal bones | two small, thin bones ocated at teh corner of each eye. lacrim/o means tear
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lamina | part of the vertebral arch
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laminectomy | Removal of a lamina to relieve the syptoms of a ruptured intervertebral disk
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lordosis | Abnormal anterior curvature of the backbones in the lumbar region
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lumbar vertebrae | are the strongest and largest of the backbones located in the lower back
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lumbosacral | between the lumbar and sacral vertebrae
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malleolus | Round process on both sides of the ankle joint. the lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia
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mandible | the lower jaw bone
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mandibular | Pertaining to the lower jaw bone
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manubrium | Upper portion of the sternum; articulates with teh medial aspect of the clavicle
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mastoid process | Round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
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medullary cavity | Central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
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metacarpals | hand bones
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metacarpectomy | removal of hand bones
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metaphysis | Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate
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metatarsalgia | Pain of the foot bones
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metatarsals | foot bones
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myelopoiesis | Formation of bone marrow
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nasal bone | two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose
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olecranal | Pertaining to the elbow
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olecranon | LArge process on the proximal end of the ulna; the point of the flexed elbow
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orthopedics | study of the musculoskeletal system
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osseous tissue | bone tissue
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ossification | Process of bone formation
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osteitis | Inflammation of bones
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osteoblast | Bone cell that helps form bony tissue
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osteoclast | Bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue
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osteodystrophy | poor development of bones
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osteogenesis imperfecta | defective development of bones that are brittle and fragile; fractures occur with the slightest trauma
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osteogenic sarcoma | common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts
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osteomalacia | Sofening of bone
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osteomyelitis | Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
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osteopenia | bone mineral density is lower than normal
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osteoporosis | Condition of increased porosity of bone with loss of bony tissue and decrease in bone mass
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osteotome | Instrument to cut bone
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parietal bone | two bones (one on each side of the skull) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium
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patella | kneecap
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pelvimetry | Measurement of the proportions of the pelvic bone (before childbirth)
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periosteum | Membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue
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peroneal | pertaining to the fibula
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phalangeal | Pertaining to the finger or the toe bones
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phalanges | bones of the fingers and toes
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phosphorus | Mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium
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pubic symphysis | Area of confluence (coming together) of the two pubic bones in the pelvis.
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pubis | anterior portion of the hip bone
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radial | pertaining to the lateral lower arm bone
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radius | lateral lower arm bone
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red bone marrow | Found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis
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reduction | restoration of the bone to its normal postion
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ribs | Twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall
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sacral vertebrae | five separate bones that fuse in a small child located toward the end of the vertibrael column
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scapula | shoulder bone
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scapular | pertaining to the shoulder bone
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scoliosis | abnormal condition of lateral curviture of the spine
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sella turcica | Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located.
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sinus | Hollow air cavity within a bone
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sphenoid bone | bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull
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spondylolisthesis | degeneration of the intervertebral disks in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions
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spondylosis | abnormal condition of vertebrae
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sternum | breastbone
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styloid process | pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
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subcostal | below the ribs
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supraclavicular | above the collar bone
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suture | Immovable joint between bones, such as teh skull (cranium)
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talipes | Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)
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tarsals | bones of the ankle
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tarsectomy | Removal of ankle bones
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temporal bone | two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium.
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temporomandipular joint | Connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw
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thoracic vertebrae | those vertebrae articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs
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tibia | the larger and inner of the two lower leg bones.
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tibial | Pertaining to the tibia, the larger and inner of the two lower leg bones.
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trabeculae | Supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone.
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trochanter | Large process at teh neck of the femur; attachment site for tendons of the hip musculature.
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tubercle | Rounded, small process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons
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turberosity | Rounded process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons
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ulna | Pertaining to the medial lower
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ulnar | pertaining to the medial lower arm bone.
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vertebra; vertebrae | Individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal
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vertebroplasty | Repair of a fractured vertebra
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vomar | the thin, single, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
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xiphoid process | Lower, narrow portion of the sternum.
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yellow bone marrow | Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones
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zygomatic bones | two bones, one on each side of the face, that form the high ortion of the check
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abduction | Movement away from the midline of the body
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achondroplasia | an inharited condition in which the bones of the arms adn legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartalage and bone formation
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adduction | Movement toward the midline of the body
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | (lou Gehrig disease) muscles are affected by degeneration of nerves in the spinal cord and lower region of teh brain
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ankylosing spondylitis | Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffining of joints, primarily of the spine
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ankylosis | stiffness of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of the joint
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arthrodesis | Bones fused across athe joint space by surgery
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arthrotomy | incision of a joint
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articular cartilage | Smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint
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articulation | Any type of joint
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atrophy | decrease in the size of tissue
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bunion | Enlargement of bone tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe
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bursa; bursae | Sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
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bursitis | inflamation of the bursa
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carpal tunnel syndrome | Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist
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chondroma | benign tumors made of cartilage
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chondromalacia | softening and roughening of the articular cartilaginous surface
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dislocation | Displacement of a bone from its joint
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dorsiflexion | Backward (upward) movement of the foot
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extention | Straightening of a fixed limb
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fascia | Fibrous membraine seperating and enveloping muscles
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fasciectomy | surgical removal of strips of fascia
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fibromyalgia | chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue.
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flexion | Bending a limb; decreasing the angle between bones
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ganglion | Fluid filled cyst arising from joint capsules or tendons, typically in the hand
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gouty arthritis | Inflamation and painful swelling of joints caused be excessive uric acid in the body
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hemarthrosis | Blood collects abnormally in the joint
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hydrarthrosis | Synovial fluid collects abnormally in the joint
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hypertrophy | increase in size of an organ or tissue
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hyperuricemiaa | increased amount of uric acid in the blood
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leiomyoma | benign tumor in smooth muscle
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leiomyosarcoma | malignant tumor in smooth muscle
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ligament | Connective tuissue binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint
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ligamentous | pertaining to ligaments
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Lyme disease | Disorder marked by arthritis, myalgia, and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick
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muscular dystrophy | group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system
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myalgia | muscle pain
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myopathy | Diseases of the muscles
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myositis | Inflamation of he muscles
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osteoathritis | Inflamation of joints
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plantar flexion | Bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground
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podagra | excessive pain in the foot
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polyarthritis | Inflamation of many joints
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pronation | Turning the palm downward
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pyrexia | fever
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rhabdomyoma | Benign tumor of a skeletal muscle
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rhabdomyosarcoma | malignant tumor of a skeletal muscle
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rheumatoid arthritis | Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane
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rheumatologist | Specialist in treatment of joint disorders
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rotation | Circular movement around a central point
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sarcopenia | Loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging
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spinal stenosis | Narrowing of the neural canal or nerve root canals in the lumbar spine
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sprain | Trauma to a joint without rupture
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strain | an injury involving the overstretching of a muscle
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striated muscle | Skeletal muscle
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subluxation | partial or incomplete dislocation
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supination | Turning the palm upward
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suture joint | Immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull
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synovial cavity | Space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
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synovial fluid | Viscus (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity. Synovial fluid is similar in viscosity to egg white.
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synovial joint | A freely movable joint
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synovial membrain | Tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid
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synovitis | Inflammation of a synovial membrane
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system lupus erthematosus | Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs
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tendinitis | Inflammation of a tendon
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tendon | Connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
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tenorrhaphy | Suture of a tendon
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tenosynovitis | Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath
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visceral muscle | Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle
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