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musculoskeletal system

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Question
Answer
acetabulum   Rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur (thigh bone), forming the hip joint  
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acromion   Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle.  
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articular cartilage   Thin layer of cartilage covering the bone in the joint space  
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calcaneal   Pertaining to the calcaneus (heel bone)  
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calcaneus   heel bone  
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calcium   One of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in the bones  
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cancellous bone   Spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone  
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carpals   wrist bones  
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cartilage   Flexible, rubbery connective tissue. It is found in the immatue skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces.  
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cervical vertebrae   vertebrae in the neck  
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chondrocostal   Pertaining to the cartilage attached to the ribs  
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clavicle   collar bone  
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coccyx   tailbone  
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collagen   Dense, connective tissue protein strands found around the outer portion of bones  
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collas fracture   occurs near the wrist joint at teh distal end of the radius  
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compact bone   hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer ortion of bones  
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condyle   Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint  
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crainial bones   Skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal  
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crainiotome   Instument to cut the skull  
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crainiotomy   incision of the skull  
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crepitus   is the crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub each other or rub against roughened cartilage  
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decalcification   Removal of calcium from bones  
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diaphysis   Shaft, or mid-portion, of a long bone  
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epiphyseal plate   Cartaginous area at teh ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton  
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epiphysis   Each end of the long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate  
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ethhmoid bone   thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and formsd part of the orbits of the eyes  
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Ewing sarcoma   Rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occuring in children  
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exostosis   bony growth (begnin) arising from the surface of the bone  
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facial bones   Bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, andzygomatic  
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femoral   Pertaining to the thigh bone (femur)  
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femur   thigh bone  
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fibula   the smaller of the two lower leg bones  
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fibular   Pertaining to the smaller of the two lower leg bones  
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fissure   Narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones  
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fontanelle   Soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant  
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foramen   Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.  
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fossa   Shallow cavity in a bone  
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frontal bone   froms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes  
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haversian canals   Minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone.  
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humeral   pertaining to the upper arm bone (humerus)  
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humerus   upper arm bone  
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hypercalcemia   Excessive calcium in the bloodstream  
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iliac   Pertaining to the iliu (upper portion of the hip bone)  
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ilium   upper portion of the hip bone  
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impacted fracture   one fragment is driven firmly into the other  
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ischium   Pertaining to the ischium (lower and posterior part of the hip bone)  
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kyphosis   Abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic vertabrae  
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lacrimal bones   two small, thin bones ocated at teh corner of each eye. lacrim/o means tear  
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lamina   part of the vertebral arch  
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laminectomy   Removal of a lamina to relieve the syptoms of a ruptured intervertebral disk  
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lordosis   Abnormal anterior curvature of the backbones in the lumbar region  
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lumbar vertebrae   are the strongest and largest of the backbones located in the lower back  
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lumbosacral   between the lumbar and sacral vertebrae  
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malleolus   Round process on both sides of the ankle joint. the lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia  
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mandible   the lower jaw bone  
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mandibular   Pertaining to the lower jaw bone  
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manubrium   Upper portion of the sternum; articulates with teh medial aspect of the clavicle  
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mastoid process   Round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear  
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medullary cavity   Central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone  
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metacarpals   hand bones  
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metacarpectomy   removal of hand bones  
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metaphysis   Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate  
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metatarsalgia   Pain of the foot bones  
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metatarsals   foot bones  
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myelopoiesis   Formation of bone marrow  
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nasal bone   two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose  
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olecranal   Pertaining to the elbow  
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olecranon   LArge process on the proximal end of the ulna; the point of the flexed elbow  
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orthopedics   study of the musculoskeletal system  
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osseous tissue   bone tissue  
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ossification   Process of bone formation  
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osteitis   Inflammation of bones  
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osteoblast   Bone cell that helps form bony tissue  
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osteoclast   Bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue  
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osteodystrophy   poor development of bones  
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osteogenesis imperfecta   defective development of bones that are brittle and fragile; fractures occur with the slightest trauma  
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osteogenic sarcoma   common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts  
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osteomalacia   Sofening of bone  
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osteomyelitis   Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection  
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osteopenia   bone mineral density is lower than normal  
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osteoporosis   Condition of increased porosity of bone with loss of bony tissue and decrease in bone mass  
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osteotome   Instrument to cut bone  
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parietal bone   two bones (one on each side of the skull) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium  
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patella   kneecap  
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pelvimetry   Measurement of the proportions of the pelvic bone (before childbirth)  
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periosteum   Membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue  
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peroneal   pertaining to the fibula  
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phalangeal   Pertaining to the finger or the toe bones  
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phalanges   bones of the fingers and toes  
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phosphorus   Mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium  
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pubic symphysis   Area of confluence (coming together) of the two pubic bones in the pelvis.  
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pubis   anterior portion of the hip bone  
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radial   pertaining to the lateral lower arm bone  
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radius   lateral lower arm bone  
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red bone marrow   Found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis  
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reduction   restoration of the bone to its normal postion  
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ribs   Twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall  
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sacral vertebrae   five separate bones that fuse in a small child located toward the end of the vertibrael column  
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scapula   shoulder bone  
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scapular   pertaining to the shoulder bone  
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scoliosis   abnormal condition of lateral curviture of the spine  
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sella turcica   Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located.  
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sinus   Hollow air cavity within a bone  
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sphenoid bone   bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull  
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spondylolisthesis   degeneration of the intervertebral disks in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions  
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spondylosis   abnormal condition of vertebrae  
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sternum   breastbone  
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styloid process   pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull  
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subcostal   below the ribs  
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supraclavicular   above the collar bone  
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suture   Immovable joint between bones, such as teh skull (cranium)  
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talipes   Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)  
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tarsals   bones of the ankle  
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tarsectomy   Removal of ankle bones  
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temporal bone   two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium.  
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temporomandipular joint   Connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw  
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thoracic vertebrae   those vertebrae articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs  
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tibia   the larger and inner of the two lower leg bones.  
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tibial   Pertaining to the tibia, the larger and inner of the two lower leg bones.  
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trabeculae   Supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone.  
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trochanter   Large process at teh neck of the femur; attachment site for tendons of the hip musculature.  
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tubercle   Rounded, small process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons  
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turberosity   Rounded process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons  
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ulna   Pertaining to the medial lower  
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ulnar   pertaining to the medial lower arm bone.  
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vertebra; vertebrae   Individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal  
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vertebroplasty   Repair of a fractured vertebra  
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vomar   the thin, single, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum  
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xiphoid process   Lower, narrow portion of the sternum.  
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yellow bone marrow   Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones  
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zygomatic bones   two bones, one on each side of the face, that form the high ortion of the check  
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abduction   Movement away from the midline of the body  
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achondroplasia   an inharited condition in which the bones of the arms adn legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartalage and bone formation  
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adduction   Movement toward the midline of the body  
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis   (lou Gehrig disease) muscles are affected by degeneration of nerves in the spinal cord and lower region of teh brain  
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ankylosing spondylitis   Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffining of joints, primarily of the spine  
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ankylosis   stiffness of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of the joint  
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arthrodesis   Bones fused across athe joint space by surgery  
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arthrotomy   incision of a joint  
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articular cartilage   Smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint  
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articulation   Any type of joint  
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atrophy   decrease in the size of tissue  
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bunion   Enlargement of bone tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe  
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bursa; bursae   Sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another  
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bursitis   inflamation of the bursa  
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carpal tunnel syndrome   Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist  
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chondroma   benign tumors made of cartilage  
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chondromalacia   softening and roughening of the articular cartilaginous surface  
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dislocation   Displacement of a bone from its joint  
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dorsiflexion   Backward (upward) movement of the foot  
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extention   Straightening of a fixed limb  
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fascia   Fibrous membraine seperating and enveloping muscles  
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fasciectomy   surgical removal of strips of fascia  
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fibromyalgia   chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue.  
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flexion   Bending a limb; decreasing the angle between bones  
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ganglion   Fluid filled cyst arising from joint capsules or tendons, typically in the hand  
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gouty arthritis   Inflamation and painful swelling of joints caused be excessive uric acid in the body  
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hemarthrosis   Blood collects abnormally in the joint  
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hydrarthrosis   Synovial fluid collects abnormally in the joint  
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hypertrophy   increase in size of an organ or tissue  
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hyperuricemiaa   increased amount of uric acid in the blood  
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leiomyoma   benign tumor in smooth muscle  
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leiomyosarcoma   malignant tumor in smooth muscle  
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ligament   Connective tuissue binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint  
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ligamentous   pertaining to ligaments  
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Lyme disease   Disorder marked by arthritis, myalgia, and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick  
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muscular dystrophy   group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system  
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myalgia   muscle pain  
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myopathy   Diseases of the muscles  
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myositis   Inflamation of he muscles  
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osteoathritis   Inflamation of joints  
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plantar flexion   Bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground  
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podagra   excessive pain in the foot  
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polyarthritis   Inflamation of many joints  
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pronation   Turning the palm downward  
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pyrexia   fever  
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rhabdomyoma   Benign tumor of a skeletal muscle  
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rhabdomyosarcoma   malignant tumor of a skeletal muscle  
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rheumatoid arthritis   Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane  
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rheumatologist   Specialist in treatment of joint disorders  
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rotation   Circular movement around a central point  
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sarcopenia   Loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging  
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spinal stenosis   Narrowing of the neural canal or nerve root canals in the lumbar spine  
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sprain   Trauma to a joint without rupture  
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strain   an injury involving the overstretching of a muscle  
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striated muscle   Skeletal muscle  
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subluxation   partial or incomplete dislocation  
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supination   Turning the palm upward  
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suture joint   Immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull  
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synovial cavity   Space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane  
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synovial fluid   Viscus (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity. Synovial fluid is similar in viscosity to egg white.  
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synovial joint   A freely movable joint  
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synovial membrain   Tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid  
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synovitis   Inflammation of a synovial membrane  
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system lupus erthematosus   Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs  
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tendinitis   Inflammation of a tendon  
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tendon   Connective tissue that binds muscles to bones  
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tenorrhaphy   Suture of a tendon  
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tenosynovitis   Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath  
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visceral muscle   Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle  
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