NCTS Volcanoes
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| Tephra | Rock fragments thrown into the air during a volcanic eruption (size can be super small or the size of a car or small building)
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| Pyroclastic Flow | Gas, ash, and other tephra going down a slope at incredibly high speeds (120+mi/hr)
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| Vent | opening in the crust where magma reaches
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| Crater | A bowl-shaped depression found at the top of the volcano, around the vent
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| Lava | Found on the surface of the Earth
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| Magma | Found within the Earth (in the mantle)
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| Convergent Volcanism | Where plates come together, usually at subduction zones (ex. Circum-Pacific belt – “Ring of Fire” & Mediterranean belt)
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| Divergent Volcanism | Where plates spread apart; seafloor spreading (ex. Mid-Atlantic Ridge)
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| Ring of Fire | An example of convergent volcanism. Another name for the Circum-Pacific Belt.
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| Hot Spots | Unusually hot regions in Earth’s mantle, located far from plate boundaries. This is where the high temperature plumes of mantle material rise to the Earth’s surface.
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| Active Volcano | is erupting or may erupt in the near future
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| Dormant Volcano | No activity except for the quiet escape of gas
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| Shield Volcano | Mountain with broad, gently sloping side and a nearly circular base; non-explosive (made up of mostly basalt – ex. Hawaiian Islands)
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| Cinder-Cone Volcano | Steep sides, more explosive and more vicious magma than shield volcanoes, usually less than 500 m tall, generally small
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| Composite Volcano | Layers of volcanic fragments alternate with lava, violently explosive, can be dangerous to humans and the environment, larger than cinder-cone (ex. Mt. St. Helens & Mt. Rainier)
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| Silica | The main ingredient in magma.
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| Explosive | The more silica, the more ___________ the eruption.
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| Plate boundaries | Where most volcanic belts form
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| Caldera | A large, usually circular depression at the summit of a volcano formed when magma is withdrawn or erupted from a shallow underground magma reservoir.
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