behavioral ecology & Ecosystems and Energy
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| examines the ways in which behavior is adaptive, how behavior varies, how it evolves | behavioral ecology
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| Order Chiroptera Suborder ___ - 155 sp., 40 genera, eat mainly flowers, fruit, nectar | megachiropterans
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| Suborder___ - 725 sp., 140 genera, smaller bats that feed on insects, most of which are captured in flight. insect-eating | microchiropterans
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| ability to hunt by sound | echolocation
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| • Any theory of evolution could explain why adaptive behaviors would be passed on • parallel process to natural selection • Now regarded as a special case of natural selection • Male-male competition • Female choice | sexual selection
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| males competed with one another to attract females | male-male competition
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| females actively selected their desired mates | female choice
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| male’s appearance, his ability to thrive, suggest that he has good genes, great for making your babies | good genes model (Borgia)
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| if male can carry around huge tails or antlers and still avoid predators, feed himself, etc.. he must be really great | handicap model (Zahavi)
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| maybe females are simply making an aesthetic choice - they like the way you look | aesthetic preference model (Darwin)
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| trait becomes reinforced generation after generation until it is greatly exaggerated, can be a dangerous burden | runaway selection (Fisher)
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| Males of non-territorial species must find other ways to compete for mates One solution is to fight one another to establish a dominance ___ within the pack or herd | dominance heirarchy
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| Males of non-territorial species must find other ways to compete for mates One solution is to fight one another to establish a dominance hierarchy within the pack or herd Linear sequence of dominant and sub-dominant males | pecking order
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| Males typically court females, not vice-versa. Male competition often takes the form of a____ | courtship display
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| In many species of birds, a male’s___, the number of songs he can sing, is directly correlated with his reproductive success | repertoire
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| curious courtship behavior shared by many animals (including humans) Offer a potential mate a juicy morsel, like a ripe berry or juicy grub Shows her you are interested, more importantly shows you know how to find groceries in the wild | tidbitting
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| Many types of birds compete by gathering together in one spot, called an arena, and performing for groups of females These courtship arenas are called__,meaning sex play! | leks
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| Large gray bird, about the size of a pigeon, one of eighteen species of | bowerbirds
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| little structures used to attract a mate | bowers
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| Bowerbirds are ___ - one male mates with several females | polygynous
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| Juvenile males build___ Takes several years before they can build a bower good enough to attract a mate Adult males will lend a hand, share interior design tips | practice bower
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| Bowerbirds demonstrate what Gilliard called the ___ Certain physical traits (bright plumage etc..) attract a mate These traits become replaced by external objects, such as bower decorations | transfer effect
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| all of the biological communities in a given area together with their physical habitat | ecosystem
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| all the organisms that appear in a particular habitat that interact with one another | biological community
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| how many different species in the community + how many individuals of each different species | community structure
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| linear sequence of predator and prey in an ecosystem (who eats who) | food chain
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| interconnection of all the food chains in an ecosystem | food web
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| Larger the animals, the scarcer they were | pyramid of numbers (Elton)
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| Because of the inevitable loss of most of the solar energy that enters the ecosystem, only a tiny portion remains when you reach the peak of____ | pyramid of energy (Lindeman)
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| The remaining 75% is available to the next____ 90% of the energy at any ___is lost going to the next ____ Most ecosystems have 4 ___, some have 5 - 6 (secondary, tertiary carnivores) | trophic level
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| Autotrophs are ___ Plants | producers
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| herbivores and carnivores are the____ | consumers
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| eat plants, change the plant’s energy into their own energy | herbivore
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| eats herbivores, incorporate the energy of the prey into parts of the predator | carnivore
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| The solar energy assimilated by plants | gross primary production (GPP)
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| Subtract from this GPP the fraction that the plant uses for itself (~25%), what’s left | net primary production (NPP)
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| Most ecosystems have 4 trophic levels, some have 5 - 6 | secondary carnivore
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| Warm-blooded animals need more energy to sustain themselve | endothermic
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| cold-blooded animals | ectothermic
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| Total biomass predator / total biomass prey | predator-prey ratio
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| Probably overestimating the number of large carnivores _____in favor of big carnivores | collection bias
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