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Physical agent modalities

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Question
Answer
What are the major categories of PAMS?   thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic  
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5 examples of thermal (heat transfer)   hot packs, cold packs, paraffin, fluido, ultrasound  
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3 examples of mechanical (movement, pressure in/on body)   fluido, ultrasound, whirlpool  
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4 examples of electromagnetic (electric current)   TENS, NMES, Hi Volt, Ionto  
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General precautions for heating modalities   watch for areas of redness (monitor decreased skin integrity, don't use where you don't want to increase metabolic activity  
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Why is ultrasound used?   to increase elasticity or stimulate healing response  
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Explain superficial settings for ultrasound.   3 MHz, absorbed up to 2 cm in depth  
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Explain deep settings for ultrasound.   1 MHz, absorbed from 2-5 cm in depth  
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Precautions for ultrasound.   growth plates, carotid arteries, CNS tissue, over plates/screws/cement/replacement sites, also heat precautions, pregnancy  
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Where do the electrodes go for TENS?   on or around the area of pain  
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Why use TENS?   for pain control  
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How is TENS used for acute pain?   to mask the pain and accomplish therapeutic goals  
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How is TENS used for chronic pain?   to increase the pain, get an endorphin release  
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Why use NMES (neuromuscular E-Stim)?   movement, strength, endurance  
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Where do the electrodes go for NMES?   along the muscle belly  
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Why use High Volt?   edema control, wound healing  
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What is ionto?   medication delivery at the site you are treating  
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What are precautions for E-stim?   pacemakers, plastic/metal components, transcranially, transthoracicly, transpinally, heart disease, pregnancy, while driving  
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What are the thermal effects of ultrasound?   heat helps heal and loosen things up, goes deeper than ordinary heating methods, done by friction, smaller areas, skips the skin  
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What are the non-thermal effects of ultrasound?   heals, increases fibroblastic, increases protein synthesis, increases bloodflow  
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When is heat appropriate?   when diagnosis is known and is not from inflammation  
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When is heat contraindicated?   impaired sensation, large scars, impaired cognition, cancer/tumors, acute infection, DVT, cardiac disease, seizures, primary tendon or ligament repair  
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When are cold packs appropriate?   edema, post exercise, arthritis flares, spasticity/muscle spasms, strains to ligaments, tendons--actue, acute tendonitis  
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Contraindications for cold therapy   Raynaud's syndrome, decreased circulation, healing nerves (slows rocess), impaired circulation, healing wounds, cardiac dysfunction  
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