Bio Cards
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| Cells | Lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life
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| Prokaryotic Cells | Lack a nucleus
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| Eukaryotic Cells | Usually large and contain a nucleus
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| 3 parts of Eukaryotic Cells | 1. Plasma Membrane ( Separates inside of the cell from outside
2. Nucleus (House of DNA)
3. Cytoplasm ( Contains Cytosol and organelles)
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| Rough ER | 1. Has Ribosomes
2. Makes proteins
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| Smooth ER | 1. No Ribosomes
2. Makes lipids
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| Golgi Apparatus | 1. Works with ER
2. modifies, stores and distributes chemicals made in the ER
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| Lysosomes | 1. Contain digestive enzymes
2. breakdown macromolecules
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| Vacuoles | Fluid Filled Sacs
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| Chloroplasts | Site of photosynthesis
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| Mitochondria | Site of cellular respiration
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| Carbohydrates | 1. Include sugar and starches
2. C, H, 02
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| Lipids | 1. Important for fuel
2. Fats, Phospholipids, and Steroids
3. Insoluble
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| Fat | 1. Backbone with three fatty acids
2. Supply energy
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| Phospholipids | 3rd fatty acid tail is a phosphate group
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| Steroids | Interlocking rings of carbon
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| Base Pairs | A-T
G-C
A-U
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| Energy | To do work or transport heat
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| Kinetic Energy | Contained in moving objects
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| Potential Energy | Stored but available for use
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| 1st Law | Energy is neither created nor destroyed
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| 2nd Law | Transfer or transformation of energy is never 100% efficient
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| Enzymes | Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism
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| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration
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| Passive Process ( Energy) | No energy required
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| Osmosis | Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
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| Solvent | liquid in which things are dissolved
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| Solutes | Things dissolved in the liquid
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| Solution | Combination of both solute and solvent
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| Hypertonic | Solution has a higher concentration of solute
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| Hypotonic | Solution has lower concentration of solutes
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| Isotonic | Both solutions have the same solutes
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| Active Transport | The use of carrier proteins to move across the membrane from an area of lesser concentration to an area of higher concentration
REQUIRES ENERGY
goes against the gradient
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| Phagocytosis | 1.Vacuole is used to engolf a particle and move across a membrane
2. Energy
3. Used to move molecules that are too large to pass through
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| Pinocytosis | 1. Used to engolf molecules dissolved in water and move across the membrane
2. Energy
3. Used to move membranes across the membrane that would other wise not be able to cross
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| Mitosis | Single cell becomes 2 identical daughter cells
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| Cytokinesis | Dividing the cellular cytoplasm equally between the two daughter cells
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| Interphase | 1. Gap one- first growth phase
2. Synthesis- DNA is replicated
3. Gap 2- Second growth phase
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| 4 stages of Mitosis | 1. Prophase- nuclear envelope breaks
2. Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
3. Anaphase- Sister chromatids are separated and line up at the opposite end of the cel
4. Telophase- Each daughter cell begins to form
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| Atom | Smallest unti of matter that is still display of the characteristics of the element
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| Deductive Logic | Reasoning flows from general to specific
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| Monosaccharide | Single, simple sugar molecule
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| Covalent Bonds | Bonds in wich two atoms share a pair of valence electrons
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| Unsaturated Fat | double bonds between carbons in its fatty acids
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| Hydrolysis | Type of reaction uses a water molecule to break bonds
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| Inductive Logic | Forms general conclusions that summarize large number of observations
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| Mass Number | Number of protons+ neutrons
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| Matter | Anything that has madd and takes up space
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| Isotopes | Number of protons and electrons is the same and neutrons are different
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| Covalent Bonds | Two atoms share a pair of valence electrons
1. Most stable
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| Ionic Bonds | Formed by the transfer of electrons
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| Hydrogen Bonds | 1. Weaker bonds
2. Molecules that are bonded together by polar covalent bonds
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| Buffers | substances prevent harmful changes in pH by accepting H+
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| Haploid | Having only one set of chromosomes
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| Oxidation | Loss of electrons from one substance
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| RNA is different from DNA in three ways | 1. Single stranded
2. Sugar Ribose
3. Uracil
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| Genotype | Genetic Makeup
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| Phenotype | Specific Trait
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| Metabolism | Sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism
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| Catabolic Pathway | Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones
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| Anabolic Pathway | Consume energy to built complicated molecules from simpler ones
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| Redox Reaction | Mover electrons closer to oxygen
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| Biochemical Pathway | Reactions linked together
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| Photosynthesis Equation | 6CO2+6H20-----> c6h12o6+6o2
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| What Makes a haploid cell? | Meiosis
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| What Makes a diploid cell? | Fertilization
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| Stems cells | Undifferentiated cells
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| Cell signaling | Cells receive messages from other part of the body that turn on or off the expression of certain genes
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| Reproductive Cloning | results in a creation of a new animal
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| Therapeutic cloning | Produces embryonic stem cells
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| Alleles | various alternatives forms of a gene for the same trait
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| Cellular Respiration | c6h12o6+6o2---->6co2+6h2o+ATP
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| Where does cellular respiration start and end? | Starts: Cytoplasm
Ends: Mitochondria
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| 4 Stages of cellular respiration | 1. Glycolysis
2. Intermediate Stange
3. Kreb's Cycle
4. Electron Transport Chain
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| Anaerobic Respiration | Catabolic process where inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
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| Fermentation | catabolic process that harvests a limited amount of ATP from glucose without the use of the electron transport chain
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| "Sex cells" are called this | Gamete
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| Site of Citric Acid Cycle | Mitochondria
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| Stacks of thylakoid are called this | Grana
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| In this inheritance pattern, a dominate allele cannot completely allele cannot completely mask the expression of the other | Incomplete dominance
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| Chromosomes pairs (mom and dad) | Homologous chromosomes
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| Process of making RNA from DNA | Transcription
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| Having 2 identical copies of a specific gene | Homologous
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| Undifferentiated cels in the embryo that can develop into any type of body cell | Stem cells
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| All genes presented in an individual are called | Genotype
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| The electron carries that carries electrons from the light reaction to the calvin cycle | NADPH
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| The organelle that is the site of protein synthesis | Ribosomes
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| The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds from between the nucleotides on the new strand of DNA | DNA polymerase
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| Macroevolution | evolution on a grand scale
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| When was the earth formed? | 4.5 bilion years ago
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| what happened 3.5 billion years ago? | Origin of Prokaryotes
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| 2.5 Billion years ago? | Oxygen production due to photosynthesis began
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| 2.2 Billion years ago? | Single-celled eukaryotic organisms evolved
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| 1 Billion years? | multicellular eukaryotes evolved
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| 535 Million years ago? | Cambrian Explosion
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| 500 Million year ago? | Colonization of land began
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| 3 large scale processes are know to influence speciation and extinction | 1. Plate tectonics
2. Mass Extinction
3. Adaptive Radiation
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| Hox Genes | Positional information in an animal embryo
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| Microevolution | genetic change within natural selection within natural process
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| Evolution | Decent with modification
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| Where does genetic variation come from? (3) | 1. Gene flow: movement of alleles from one population to another
2. Recombination: sexual reproduction
3. Mutation: stable changes in genetic material from parent to offspring
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| Phenotypic Manifestation | 1. Morphology- how it looks
2. Physiology- function
3. Behavior- how the organism reacts in their environment
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| Fitness | relative survival and or reproduction of an individual compared to others in the same population
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| Adaptation | Any characteristic that contributes to an organisms fitness and brought about by natural selection
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| Stabilizing Selection | in static environments
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| Directional Selection | In changing environments
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| Disruptive Selection | In patchy environments
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| Hardy- Weinberg Principal | 1. No mutations
2. No gene flow
3.No Natural Selection
4. Random mating
5. Large Population
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| Genetic Drift | random fluctuation in allele frequencies due to chance occurrences alone
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| Population Bottleneck | some stressful situations greatly reduces the size of a population leaving a few individuals to reestablish the population
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| Founder Effect | few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the origin population
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| Morphological Species concept | characterizes a species by body shape
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| Ecological Species Concept | Species in terms in their environment
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| Phylogenetic Species Concept | Defined as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor
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| Allopatric Speciation | Speciation that occurs based on geographical isolation
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| Sympatric Speciation | Speciation that occurs without geographical isolation
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| Autopolyploidy | An individual has more than 2 sets of chromosomes that are derived from the same species
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| Allopolyploidy | Where 2 different species interbreed and produce hybrid offspring
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| Taxonomy | Ordering and naming of organisms
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| Systematics | Science classification
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| Species Richness | Total number of different species in a community
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| Relative Abundance | Proportion of the community made up of different species
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| Ecological Niche | Total Requirement of species for all resources and physical conditions that determine where it can live and how abundant it can be at any one place within its range
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| Fundamental Niche | Total range of conditions that species can tolerate
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| Realized Niche | Part of the fundamental niche that is actually occupied the species, best competitor
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| Generalists | Tolerate borad ranges of conditions
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| Specialists | Can only tolerate narrow range of conditions
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| Resource Partitioning | One or both species evolve to use different sets of resources
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| Character Displacement | Tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sypatric population of two species that in allopatric populations of the same two species
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| Predation | When other organisms eat each other
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| Mimicry | An adaptation in which one species mimics the appearance of another
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| Batesian Mimicry | Palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model
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| Mullerian Mimicry | Two or more unpalatable resemble each other
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| Parasitism | One benefits the other is harmed
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| Mutualism | Both benefit
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| Commensalism | One benefits, the other i neither harmed or benefited
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| Community Structure | Assemblage of species and how it changes over time
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| Disturbance | Episodes of change, often damaging the community
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| Succession | Change in community structure overt time
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| Autogenic | Change caused by the community itself
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| Allogenic | Change caused by factors outside the community
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| Primary Succession | Occurs where there was no primary community, starting point
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| Secondary Succession | Occurs after a community is disturbed
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| 3 Trophic Levels | 1. Producers
2. Consumers
4. Decomposers
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| Carnivores | Eat animals
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| Omnivores | Eat both
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| Decomposers | Breaks down waste and dead organisms
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| Carbon Cycle | Based on CO2 in the atmosphere dissolved in water
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| Carl Von Linne | Binomial Nomenclature
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| Sir Charles Lyell | Principals of Geology
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| Jean Baptiste De Lamarck | Philosophie Zoologique
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| Ernst Haeckel | Tree of Life
Pedigree of men
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| Thomas Malthus | Essay on Principal of Population
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| Three Premises of Natural Selection | 1. High reproduction rate
2. Competition for limited resources
3. Survival of the few
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| 4 Processes that result in natural selection | 1. Genetic variation
2. Over production of offspring
3. Struggle for existence
4. Differential Survival
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| Artificial Selection | Controlling the reproduction of species that are commercial valuable
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| Homologies | Different species have similar body part inherited from a common ancestor
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| Molecular Biology | Species have a close evolutionary relationship have a similar DNA sequence
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| Biotic Factors | Living things
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| Abiotic Factors | Non-living
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| Organismal Ecology | Studies the evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challenges of their environments
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| Population Ecology | Investigates the factors that affect population density and growth
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| Community | All the living things that occupy a particular area
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| Community Ecology | Studies interactions between species
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| Ecosystem Ecology | Study of energy flow and the cycling of nutrients among the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem
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| Landscape Ecology | Factos controlling exchanges of energy
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| Global Ecology | How regional exchange of energy and materials influence the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere
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| Weather | Local area's short-term physical conditions such as temperature and precipitation
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| Climate | Regions Average weather over a long time
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| Tropical Rainforest | 1. Hot and humid
2. Daily rainfall
3. Dominated by trees that grow leaves all year long
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| Desert | 1. Cacti and succulent plants
2. Lowest precipitation
3. Hot
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| Savanna | 1. Grasses and shrubby trees
2. Hot all year round
3. Wet and dry seasons
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| Temperate Grassland | 1. Grass
2. Moderate temperature and moderate precipitation
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| Temperate Deciduous Forest | 1. Dominated by broad-level trees
2. Warm/ hot summers
3. Cool/ cold winters
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| Boreal Forest | 1. Conifer trees
2. cool summers/ cool winters
3. Plenty of precipitation..most in the form of snow
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| Tundra | 1. Linches mosses, windflowers, grasses
2. Permafrost
3.Short summers and long harsh winters
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| Aquatic Biomes | Occupy the largest part of the biosphere
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| Ponds | Small, standing bodies of freshwater
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| Lakes | Large, small bodies of freshwater
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| Streams | Small, flowing bodies of freshwater
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| Rivers | Large, flowing bodies of freshwater
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| Wetlands | Soil is saturated with water for a significant portion of the year
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| Estuaries | Where freshwater rivers meet the ocean
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| Oceans | Large bodies of water
Salt water
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| Physiological Responses | How they function
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| Anatomical Responses | How they look
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| Behavioral Responses | How they react in their environment
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| Demography | Study of the vital statistics of population and how they change
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| Survivorship Curve | Represents the rate of mortality over an organisms life span
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| Survivorship | Proportion of offspring that survive to a particular age
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| Fecundity | Number of offspring produced by each female
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