BIO201 - Ch8 - Joints - Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado - AZ
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Articulations | Joints - where 2 or more bones meet.
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Weakest part of the skeleton. | Joints
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Joints are classified how? | By their structure & function.
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Types of structural classifications of joints. | Fibrous, cartilaginous, & synovial joints.
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Functional classifications of joints. | Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, & diarthroses.
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Synarthroses | Immovable Joints
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Amphiarthroses | Slightly-movable Joints
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Diarthroses | Freely-movable Joints
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Where do diarthroses predominate? | Limbs
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Fibrous joints are usually __. | Immovable Joints
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Which two joints have no cavity? | Fibrous & cartilaginous Joints
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3 Types of fibrous joints. | Sutures, syndesmoses, & gomphoses.
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Ossified sutures in bones are __. | Synostoses.
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In syndesmoses, bones are connected by __. | Ligaments.
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The amount of movement in a syndesmoses joint depends on? | Length of its ligament's connecting fibers.
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Give one example of an amphiarthrosis. | Joint between tibia & fibula.
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Gomphoses | Peg-in-socket fibrous joint.
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One example of a gomphoses. | Articulation of a tooth w/bony alveolar socket.
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Name of ligament that holds teeth in socket. | Periodontal Ligament.
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Cartilaginous Joints | Articulating bones are united by cartilage.
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2 Types of cartilaginous joints. | Synchondroses & symphyses
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Virtually all synchondroses are __. | Synarthrotic
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Synchondrosis | Plate or bar of hyaline cartilage that unites bones.
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Most common example of synchondroses. | Epiphyseal plate connecting diaphysis/epiphysis region in long bones.
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Which joint is a temporary joint? | Epiphyseal plate.
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Joint between costal cartilage of first rib & manubrium of sternum. | Synchondroses.
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Symphyses | Articular surfaces covered w/hyaline that is fused to pad of fibrocartilage.
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Name a symphyses joint. | Intervertebral joint.
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Synovial Joint | Articulating bones separated by fluid-containing cavity.
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All synovial joints are __. | Diarthryoses - freely moving.
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5 Distinguishing features of synovial joints. | (1) Articular cartilage, (2) Joint cavity, (3) articular capsule, (4) synovial fluid, (5) reinforcing ligaments.
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What is unique to synovial joints? | Joint cavity.
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Synovial membrane is composed of __. | Loose connective tissue.
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Weeping lubrication. | When synovial fluid lubricates surfaces of cartilage & nurishes cells.
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Intracapsular ligaments are covered w/__. | Synovial membrane.
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Articular discs in synovial joints occur __. | In knee, jaw, & other joints.
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Bursae | Flattened fibrous sacs lined w/synovial fluid.
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Where are bursae common? | Where ligaments, skin, tendons, or bones rub.
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Tendon sheath. | An elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon.
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3 Stability factors in synovial joints. | (1) Shape of articular surfaces, (2) number & position of ligaments, & (3) muscle tone.
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What determines what movements are possible at a joint? | The shape of articular surfaces.
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How far can a ligament stretch? | 6% before it snaps.
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Most important joint stabilizing factor. | Muscle tone & muscle tendons.
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Origin | Place where muscle attaches to less moving bone.
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Insertion | Place where muscle is attached to movable bone.
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Insertion moves __ their orgin. | Toward
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Plane Joints | Flat articular surfaces that allow gliding motions - intercarpals/intertarsal joints & vertebrae.
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What is the only example of nonaxial joints? | Gliding joints - vertebrae, intercarpal & intertarsal.
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Hinge Joint | Motion along a single plane - flexion & extension - elbow & interphalangeal joints.
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Piviot Joints | Rounded end of one bone protrudes into ring of another bone/ligament - uniaxial rotation.
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Give two examples of a pivot joint. | Atlas & dens. Radioulnar joint.
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Condyloid Joints | Ovalsurface fits into depression - Permits angular motion - biaxial.
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Give 2 examples of condyloid joints. | Radiocarpal (wrist) & knucle joints.
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Saddle Joints | Shaped like saddle - twiddling thumbs.
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Ball-and-Socket Joints | Spherical head & cuplike socket - multiaxial.
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Give 2 examples of ball-and-socket joints. | Shoulder & hips.
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What is the largest & most complex joint in the body? | Knee - allows extension, flexion, & some rotation.
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How many joints in knee? | 3 - Femoropatellar, tibiofemoral, & menisci.
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The menisci helps prevent __. | Side-to-side rocking of femur on tibia.
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Name one way knee joint is unique. | Only partially enclosed by a capsule.
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What muscle is tapped by physicians in knee-jerk? | Patellar ligament.
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Which bursa is often injured when bumping knee? | Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa.
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What prevents lateral or medial knee rotation? | Fibular & tibial collateral ligaments.
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What stabilizes posterior of knee joint? | Oblique popliteal ligament.
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ACL of knee | Attaches to anterior - prevents hyperextension of knee - Anterior Cruciate Ligament.
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PCL of knee | Attached to posterior to prevent backward displacement - Posterior Cruciate Ligament
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Knee capsule heavily reinforced by strong tendons of the __ muscles. | Quadriceps.
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Which muscle "unlocks" the knee? | Popliteus Muscle
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Knee is very vulnerable to __ blows. | Horizontal
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3 C's of common knee injuries. | Collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, & cartilages (menisci).
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Most ACL injuries occur when __. | Twisting a hyperextended knee.
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Elbow Joint | Hinge that allows flexion & extension only.
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What capsule surrounds head of radius? | Anular Ligament
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Side-to-side movements in elbow restricted by which ligaments? | Ulnar collateral ligament (medially) & radial collateral ligament (laterally).
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Name 2 muscles whose tendons cross the elbow joint. | Biceps & triceps.
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What is the most freely moving joint in the body? | Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.
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The should joint is a __ joint. | Ball-and-socket.
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Where is the glenoid cavity? | Scapula & used for shoulder joint.
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Coracohumeral Ligament | In shoulder - helps support weight of upper limb.
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What is the "suerstabilizer" of shoulder joint? | Long head of biceps brachii muscle of arm.
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What is a labrum? | Circular rim of fibrocartilage that helps hold joint.
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What kind of joint is the hip (coxal) joint? | Ball-and-socket joint
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Hip joint is made up of which bones? | Head of femur & acetabulum of hip.
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Sacroiliac Joint made of which bones? | Sacrum & coxal bone.
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What 2 bones make up knee joint? | Femur & tibia
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What bones make up the ankle? | Tibia & fibula w/talus
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What contributes most to stability of hip? | Deep socket that encloses femoral head & strong ligaments.
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Where is the TMJ? | Jaw joint - anterior to ear.
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What 2 bones form the TMJ? | Mandibular condyle & temporal bone.
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What is lateral excursion? | Grinding of posterior teeth - movement by mandible - unique to mammals.
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Sprain | When ligaments of a joint are torn/stretched.
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Ligaments are poorly __. | Vascularized.
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Arthroscopic Surgery | Surgery through small scope to repair ligament or remove cartilage fragment.
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The most common chronic arthritis. | Osteoarthritis - OA
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Crepitus | Crunching noise made when articular surfaces rub together.
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Pannus | Inflamed & thickened synovial membrane.
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Gouty arthritis | Gout - articulating bone ends fuse due to urate crystals in soft joints.
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Bones form from embryotic __. | Mesenchyme.
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Ankylosing Spondylitis | "Poker Back" - fused vertebra by fibrous tissue.
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Arthrology | Study of Joints
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Chondromalacia Patellae | Softening of cartillage on posterior patellar surface.
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Synovitis | Inflammation of synovial membrane of joint.
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What joints enable you to grasp things? | Saddle Joints
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Which bone doesn't form a joint? | Hyoid Bone
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Dorsiflexion | Flexion of ankle so superior of foot approaches shin.
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The only movement allowed between 1st two cervical vertebrae is __. | Rotation
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What constitutes the hinge for the elbow? | Gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear noch.
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In rheumatoid arthritis __ fluid increases. | Synovial
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Moving the arm full circle is an example of __. | Circumduction
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Dislocations are often accompanied by __. | Sprains
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Eversion is a special movement of the __. | Foot
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Supination of forearm. | Hand turned from posterior to anterior.
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A hinge joint movement is __. | Uniaxial
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Articular surfaces of synovial joints play a __ role in joint stability. | Minor
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Semilunar cartilage pads in knees. | Menisci
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What ligament holds the radius to ulna at the proximal. | Annular ligament
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Prevents hyperextension of knee. | Cruciate ligament
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Synovial fluid contains __ acid. | Hyaluronic
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__ are cartilaginous joints. | Synchondroses
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__ are fibrous connective tissue in structure. | Syndesmosis
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A __ joint permits a slight degree of movement. | Symphysis
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Only movement allowed in pivot joint. | Uniaxial rotation.
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__ is moving a limb away from the body. | Abduction
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Pointing toes is __. | Plantar flexion
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Osteochondral Grafting | Healthy bone & cartilage removed from one body part & transplanted to injured joint.
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Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation | Healthy chondrocyte transplanted to joint.
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