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BIO201 - Ch8 - Joints - Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado - AZ

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Question
Answer
Articulations   Joints - where 2 or more bones meet.  
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Weakest part of the skeleton.   Joints  
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Joints are classified how?   By their structure & function.  
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Types of structural classifications of joints.   Fibrous, cartilaginous, & synovial joints.  
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Functional classifications of joints.   Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, & diarthroses.  
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Synarthroses   Immovable Joints  
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Amphiarthroses   Slightly-movable Joints  
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Diarthroses   Freely-movable Joints  
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Where do diarthroses predominate?   Limbs  
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Fibrous joints are usually __.   Immovable Joints  
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Which two joints have no cavity?   Fibrous & cartilaginous Joints  
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3 Types of fibrous joints.   Sutures, syndesmoses, & gomphoses.  
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Ossified sutures in bones are __.   Synostoses.  
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In syndesmoses, bones are connected by __.   Ligaments.  
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The amount of movement in a syndesmoses joint depends on?   Length of its ligament's connecting fibers.  
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Give one example of an amphiarthrosis.   Joint between tibia & fibula.  
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Gomphoses   Peg-in-socket fibrous joint.  
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One example of a gomphoses.   Articulation of a tooth w/bony alveolar socket.  
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Name of ligament that holds teeth in socket.   Periodontal Ligament.  
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Cartilaginous Joints   Articulating bones are united by cartilage.  
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2 Types of cartilaginous joints.   Synchondroses & symphyses  
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Virtually all synchondroses are __.   Synarthrotic  
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Synchondrosis   Plate or bar of hyaline cartilage that unites bones.  
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Most common example of synchondroses.   Epiphyseal plate connecting diaphysis/epiphysis region in long bones.  
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Which joint is a temporary joint?   Epiphyseal plate.  
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Joint between costal cartilage of first rib & manubrium of sternum.   Synchondroses.  
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Symphyses   Articular surfaces covered w/hyaline that is fused to pad of fibrocartilage.  
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Name a symphyses joint.   Intervertebral joint.  
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Synovial Joint   Articulating bones separated by fluid-containing cavity.  
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All synovial joints are __.   Diarthryoses - freely moving.  
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5 Distinguishing features of synovial joints.   (1) Articular cartilage, (2) Joint cavity, (3) articular capsule, (4) synovial fluid, (5) reinforcing ligaments.  
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What is unique to synovial joints?   Joint cavity.  
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Synovial membrane is composed of __.   Loose connective tissue.  
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Weeping lubrication.   When synovial fluid lubricates surfaces of cartilage & nurishes cells.  
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Intracapsular ligaments are covered w/__.   Synovial membrane.  
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Articular discs in synovial joints occur __.   In knee, jaw, & other joints.  
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Bursae   Flattened fibrous sacs lined w/synovial fluid.  
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Where are bursae common?   Where ligaments, skin, tendons, or bones rub.  
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Tendon sheath.   An elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon.  
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3 Stability factors in synovial joints.   (1) Shape of articular surfaces, (2) number & position of ligaments, & (3) muscle tone.  
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What determines what movements are possible at a joint?   The shape of articular surfaces.  
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How far can a ligament stretch?   6% before it snaps.  
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Most important joint stabilizing factor.   Muscle tone & muscle tendons.  
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Origin   Place where muscle attaches to less moving bone.  
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Insertion   Place where muscle is attached to movable bone.  
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Insertion moves __ their orgin.   Toward  
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Plane Joints   Flat articular surfaces that allow gliding motions - intercarpals/intertarsal joints & vertebrae.  
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What is the only example of nonaxial joints?   Gliding joints - vertebrae, intercarpal & intertarsal.  
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Hinge Joint   Motion along a single plane - flexion & extension - elbow & interphalangeal joints.  
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Piviot Joints   Rounded end of one bone protrudes into ring of another bone/ligament - uniaxial rotation.  
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Give two examples of a pivot joint.   Atlas & dens. Radioulnar joint.  
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Condyloid Joints   Ovalsurface fits into depression - Permits angular motion - biaxial.  
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Give 2 examples of condyloid joints.   Radiocarpal (wrist) & knucle joints.  
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Saddle Joints   Shaped like saddle - twiddling thumbs.  
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Ball-and-Socket Joints   Spherical head & cuplike socket - multiaxial.  
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Give 2 examples of ball-and-socket joints.   Shoulder & hips.  
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What is the largest & most complex joint in the body?   Knee - allows extension, flexion, & some rotation.  
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How many joints in knee?   3 - Femoropatellar, tibiofemoral, & menisci.  
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The menisci helps prevent __.   Side-to-side rocking of femur on tibia.  
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Name one way knee joint is unique.   Only partially enclosed by a capsule.  
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What muscle is tapped by physicians in knee-jerk?   Patellar ligament.  
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Which bursa is often injured when bumping knee?   Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa.  
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What prevents lateral or medial knee rotation?   Fibular & tibial collateral ligaments.  
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What stabilizes posterior of knee joint?   Oblique popliteal ligament.  
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ACL of knee   Attaches to anterior - prevents hyperextension of knee - Anterior Cruciate Ligament.  
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PCL of knee   Attached to posterior to prevent backward displacement - Posterior Cruciate Ligament  
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Knee capsule heavily reinforced by strong tendons of the __ muscles.   Quadriceps.  
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Which muscle "unlocks" the knee?   Popliteus Muscle  
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Knee is very vulnerable to __ blows.   Horizontal  
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3 C's of common knee injuries.   Collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, & cartilages (menisci).  
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Most ACL injuries occur when __.   Twisting a hyperextended knee.  
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Elbow Joint   Hinge that allows flexion & extension only.  
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What capsule surrounds head of radius?   Anular Ligament  
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Side-to-side movements in elbow restricted by which ligaments?   Ulnar collateral ligament (medially) & radial collateral ligament (laterally).  
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Name 2 muscles whose tendons cross the elbow joint.   Biceps & triceps.  
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What is the most freely moving joint in the body?   Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.  
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The should joint is a __ joint.   Ball-and-socket.  
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Where is the glenoid cavity?   Scapula & used for shoulder joint.  
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Coracohumeral Ligament   In shoulder - helps support weight of upper limb.  
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What is the "suerstabilizer" of shoulder joint?   Long head of biceps brachii muscle of arm.  
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What is a labrum?   Circular rim of fibrocartilage that helps hold joint.  
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What kind of joint is the hip (coxal) joint?   Ball-and-socket joint  
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Hip joint is made up of which bones?   Head of femur & acetabulum of hip.  
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Sacroiliac Joint made of which bones?   Sacrum & coxal bone.  
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What 2 bones make up knee joint?   Femur & tibia  
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What bones make up the ankle?   Tibia & fibula w/talus  
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What contributes most to stability of hip?   Deep socket that encloses femoral head & strong ligaments.  
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Where is the TMJ?   Jaw joint - anterior to ear.  
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What 2 bones form the TMJ?   Mandibular condyle & temporal bone.  
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What is lateral excursion?   Grinding of posterior teeth - movement by mandible - unique to mammals.  
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Sprain   When ligaments of a joint are torn/stretched.  
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Ligaments are poorly __.   Vascularized.  
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Arthroscopic Surgery   Surgery through small scope to repair ligament or remove cartilage fragment.  
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The most common chronic arthritis.   Osteoarthritis - OA  
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Crepitus   Crunching noise made when articular surfaces rub together.  
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Pannus   Inflamed & thickened synovial membrane.  
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Gouty arthritis   Gout - articulating bone ends fuse due to urate crystals in soft joints.  
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Bones form from embryotic __.   Mesenchyme.  
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Ankylosing Spondylitis   "Poker Back" - fused vertebra by fibrous tissue.  
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Arthrology   Study of Joints  
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Chondromalacia Patellae   Softening of cartillage on posterior patellar surface.  
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Synovitis   Inflammation of synovial membrane of joint.  
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What joints enable you to grasp things?   Saddle Joints  
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Which bone doesn't form a joint?   Hyoid Bone  
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Dorsiflexion   Flexion of ankle so superior of foot approaches shin.  
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The only movement allowed between 1st two cervical vertebrae is __.   Rotation  
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What constitutes the hinge for the elbow?   Gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear noch.  
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In rheumatoid arthritis __ fluid increases.   Synovial  
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Moving the arm full circle is an example of __.   Circumduction  
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Dislocations are often accompanied by __.   Sprains  
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Eversion is a special movement of the __.   Foot  
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Supination of forearm.   Hand turned from posterior to anterior.  
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A hinge joint movement is __.   Uniaxial  
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Articular surfaces of synovial joints play a __ role in joint stability.   Minor  
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Semilunar cartilage pads in knees.   Menisci  
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What ligament holds the radius to ulna at the proximal.   Annular ligament  
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Prevents hyperextension of knee.   Cruciate ligament  
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Synovial fluid contains __ acid.   Hyaluronic  
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__ are cartilaginous joints.   Synchondroses  
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__ are fibrous connective tissue in structure.   Syndesmosis  
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A __ joint permits a slight degree of movement.   Symphysis  
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Only movement allowed in pivot joint.   Uniaxial rotation.  
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__ is moving a limb away from the body.   Abduction  
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Pointing toes is __.   Plantar flexion  
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Osteochondral Grafting   Healthy bone & cartilage removed from one body part & transplanted to injured joint.  
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Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation   Healthy chondrocyte transplanted to joint.  
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