plant form and function
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| plant tissue responsible for carrying water up from the roots | xylem
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| plant tissue responsible for carrying sugars throughout the plant | phloem
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| long thin xylem cell with thick secondary cell walls; water moves from cell to cell through pits | tracheids
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| xylem cells found primarily in angiosperms; water moves through pits and perforated end walls | vessels
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| phloem cells that are alive at functional maturity, though they lack organelles | Sieve-tube elements
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| phloem cells that are alive at functional maturity; are the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube | Sieve plates
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| Each sieve-tube element has a ______________________ whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells | companion cell
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| ____________________are perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth | meristems
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| Apical meristems are located at the ______________________ and at the axillary buds of shoots | tips of roots and shoots
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| location of primary growth | apical meristems
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| ________________ add thickness to woody plants | lateral meristems
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| Lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants, a process called ___________ | secondary growth
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| There are two lateral meristems; ________ & ____________ | vascular cambium & cork cambium
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| The vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called _________________ and ________________ | secondary xylem (wood) & secondary phloem
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| The _______________ replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher | cork cambium
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| ___________________ consists of all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm | bark
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| The evolution of ___________ and ___________ in land plants made possible the long-distance transport of water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis | xylem and phloem
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| the movement of water that requires no energy is known as ______________ | passive transport diffusion or osmosis
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| ____________ is the movement of solutes ‘down’ a gradient; an example of passive transport | diffusion
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| The role of passive transport is mostly to ____________________ | move water into and out of cells
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| Most solutes cannot move across the phospho-lipid barrier of the membrane; thus a _____________ is required | transport protein
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| the most important transport protein in plants is the __________________ | proton pump
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| A proton pump uses the energy of ________ to create an electrochemical gradient | ATP
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| In the mechanism called ______________, a transport protein couples the diffusion of one solute to the active transport of another | co-transport
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| The role of active transport is to ________________________________. | move solutes and nutrients against the concentration gradient.
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| Efficient long distance transport of fluid requires __________________, the movement of a fluid driven by pressure | bulk flow
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| ____________________is the loss of water vapor from the leaves and other parts of the plant that are in contact with the air | transpiration
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| the __________ of water due to hydrogen bonding plus the _______ of water to plant cell walls enables the water to form a water column … water is drawn up through the xylem as water evaporates, each succeeding water molecule pulling on the one beneath it | cohesion and adhesion
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| the _________________ explains water movement in plants | Transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism
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| Phloem transports organic products of photosynthesis from the leaves throughout the plant in a process called _______________- | translocation
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| A ____________ is an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves | sugar source
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| A ______________ is an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar, such as a tuber or bulb | sugar sink
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| an example of a sugar source might be a ___________- | leaf
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| an example of a sugar sink might be a __________ | fruit, root, tuber, flower
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| __________ are the most fertile topsoils and contain equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay | loams
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| The goal of ______________ is to use farming methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe, and profitable | sustainable agriculture
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| The primary source of irrigation water is underground water reserves called ___________ | aquifers
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| Nine of the essential elements are called _____________ because plants require them in relatively large amounts | macronutrients
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| macronutrients include __________ | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
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| A chemical element is considered an __________________ if it is required for a plant to complete its life cycle | essential elements
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| _____________ are essential elements that plants need in very small amounts | micronutrients
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| examples of micronutrients include ________ | chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum
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| The layer of soil bound to the plant’s roots is the ______________ | rhizosphere
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| _______________are mutualistic associations of fungi and roots | Mycorrhizae
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| An _____________ grows on another plant and obtains water and minerals from rain | epiphyte
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| ____________________ are photosynthetic but obtain nitrogen by killing and digesting mostly insects | carnivorous plants
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| In the late 1800s, Charles Darwin and his son Francis conducted experiments on ____________, a plant’s response to light | phototropism
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| _____________are chemical signals that coordinate different parts of an organism | hormones
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| Any response resulting in curvature of organs toward or away from a stimulus is called a _____________ | tropism
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| The term _____________refers to any chemical that promotes elongation of coleoptiles | auxin
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| __________________are hormones that are so named because they stimulate cytokinesis (cell division) | cytokinins
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| ______________ are hormones that have a variety of effects, such as stem elongation, fruit growth, and seed germination | gibberellins
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