Oceanography
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Currents/Ocean Water Movement | Marine Environments
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deep-sea currents, cold and salty | density contrast currents
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Antarctic Bottom Water | AABW
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very cold dense water around Antarctica sinks | AABW
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flows along ocean bottoms northward | AABW
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North Atlantic Deep Water | NADW
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cold dense water from the Arctic Ocean | NADW
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sinks and flows southward above the AABW | NADW
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cool dense water from Mediterranean and Antarctica | intermediate waters
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sinks and flows above NADW | intermediate waters
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wind controlled | upwelling zones
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cool water moves to the surface | upwelling zones
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replaces water pulled from basin margins by gyres | upwelling zones
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water often rich in nutrients (Si, P, N) | upwelling zones
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wind driven | Surface Waves
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circular particle motion at sea | Surface Waves
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near-shore/shallow depths | Surface Waves
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elliptical particle motion | Surface Waves
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wave base/bottom = back and forth particle motion | Surface Waves
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waves steepen and break at very shallow depths | Surface Waves
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abrasion, concussion | surf zone
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particle rounding | surf zone
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strong erosion, winnowing | Surface Waves
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sediment size sorting, often cross-bedded | Surface Waves
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water/sediment motion parallel to the shore | longshore drift/longshore currents
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wave motion oblique to the shoreline | longshore drift/longshore currents
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rotation of the Earth beneath tidal bulges | tides
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result from gravitational attraction of sun and moon | tidal bulges
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. ~ 2 tidal cycles every 24 hours | tides
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zone effected by tidal water changes | intertidal zone
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large changes in environmental conditions | intertidal zone
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temperature changes | environmental conditions
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high particle concentration in the water | environmental conditions
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usually high a energy environment | intertidal zone
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often fringed by marshes | intertidal zone
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formed by low-growing plants | marshes
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low energy zones of mud accumulation | marshes
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usually dry | supratidal zone
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exceptionally high tides cause flooding | supratidal zone
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never exposed to air | subtidal zone
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zone of light penetration through ocean water | Photic Zone
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100-200 meters penetration | Photic Zone
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200 m is the ~ shelf break depth in many areas | Photic Zone
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life zone of the phytoplankton (microscopic plants) | zone of photosynthesis
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marine (flooded) extension of a continent | Continental Shelf
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represents 10% of the worlds continental area | Continental Shelf
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end of the Shelf is marked by the Shelf Break | Continental Shelf
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sediment collects here, builds up here | Continental Shelf
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majority of the Earth's sedimentary strata formed here | Continental Shelf
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zone of transition between continental and oceanic crust | Continental Slope
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deepening water, erosion/deposition by turbidity currents | Continental Slope
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cut by submarine canyons | Continental Slope
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zone of terrigenous sediment accumulation | Continental Rise
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~3-6 kilometers deep | Abyssal plain
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barrier islands | Ocean Margins
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parallel to shoreline | barrier islands
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sand build-up by wind and erosion | barrier islands
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lagoons or bays | Ocean Margins
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behind and protected by barrier islands | lagoons or bays
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shallow, quiet, often warm water | lagoons or bays
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often fringed by marshes in intertidal zone | lagoons or bays
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plant accumulations may form peat | lagoons or bays
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epicontinental sea | Ocean Margins
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semi-isolated | epicontinental sea
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broad flooding of low elevation continental areas | epicontinental sea
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example: Hudson Bay in Canada | epicontinental sea
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floaters | Planktonic
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phytoplankton living in the photic zone | plants
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diatoms | phytoplankton
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dinoflagellates | phytoplankton
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calcareous nannoplankton | phytoplankton
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zooplankton which eat other plankton | animals
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single cell Protozoans; forams, radiolarians | zooplankton
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planktonic Foraminifera- CaCO3 | forams
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SiO2 | radiolarians
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primarily swimmers like fish; multicellular organisms | nektonic organisms
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primarily bottom dwellers; multicellular organisms | benthonic organisms
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burrowing organisms | benthonic organisms
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boring organisms | benthonic organisms
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grazing organisms | benthonic organisms
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draw food from the water | suspension feeders
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consume sediment, use organics as food | deposit feeders
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amoeba-like organisms - benthic forams | pseudopod feeders
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fall in several categories | bacteria
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dictates the type of shell which can easily be built | temperature
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CaCO3 | warm water
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calcareous nannoplankton | warm water
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reefs | warm water
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forams | warm water
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SiO2 | cold water
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diatoms | cold water
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radiolarians | cold water
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generally ranges from 30-40 parts per thousand salts | salinity
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low salinity | brackish water
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ocean margin bays and lagoons | brackish water
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fresh water dilution from rivers | brackish water
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high salinity | hypersaline water
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ocean margin bays and lagoons | hypersaline water
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salt concentration by evaporation | hypersaline water
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