Intro to Psych flashcards chpt 4, 10, 12 Carissa Wott
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| Consciousness | people's awareness of everything that is going on around them and inside their own head at any given moment.
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| Altered states of consciousness | Shift in the quality or pattern of people’s mental activity. (Drugs, Day dreaming, Hypnosis, Meditation, Sleep)
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| Circadian rhythms | Natural cycle of activity that the body must go through.
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| Adaptive theory | Explains when organisms sleep. Prey animals sleep during the day so it is hidden from predators. Predatory animals sleep during the night because they are free to roam during the day.
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| Restorative theory | Sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body. During sleep, chemicals are replenished and cellular damage is repaired. Body growth and repair happen in the deepest stages of sleep.
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| Sleep deprivation | Trembling hands, inattention, staring off into space, discomfort, irritability and depression. Ability to function both mentally and physically can start to decline with 6 hours of sleep or less per night. Serious Problem.
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| REM | 90% if dreaming occurs during during this sleep. Body is almost awake. Nightmares, unlike night terrors, usually occur during this sleep.
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| Insomnia | Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep or get a good quality of sleep.
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| Psychological causes of Insomnia | Worrying, trying to sleep and anxiety
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| Physical causes of insomnia | Too much caffeine, indigestion or aches and pains
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| Sleep apnea | Person stops breathing in the middle of the night for about 30 seconds or more. Usually accompanied by loud snoring, sudden silence and then grasping for breath. Do not wake up, but quality of sleep is disturbed. Obesity is primary cause .
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| Narcolepsy | Person slips into REM sleep during the day. Excessive daytime sleepiness that results in the person falling asleep at inappropriate times or places. More common when the person experiences strong emotions.
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| Freud’s interpretation | Believed that conflicts, desires, events of the past would be represented in symbolic forms in dreams.
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| Manifest content | Actual dream itself.
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| Latent content | True meaning of a dream – hidden and only expressed in symbols.
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| Activation information mode model | Dream is another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep. Experience comes from people's memories and experiences of the past. Information accessed during waking hours influence the synthesis of dreams.
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| Sex | the physical characteristics of being male or female.
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| Gender | the psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine.
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| Gender Identity | a sense of being male or female (does not always match their external appearance.)
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| Gender roles | Cultural expectations for behavior of a person who is perceived as male or female.
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| Intersexed | Possessing both male and female sex organs.
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| Social learning theory | When children imitate the appropriate behavior they are reinforced, when they imitate inappropriate gender behavior, they are ignored or punished.
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| Gender Schema theory | Children develop a schema (mental pattern) for being male or female, develop a concept for being “boy” or “girl” at a very young age (They imitate these behaviors.)
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| Gender stereotypes | concept about males or females that assigns characteristics to them on the basis of being male or female.
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| Androgyny | people whose personalities reflect both male and female characteristicsMay be better adjusted than those whose personalities are strictly stereotypical male or female.
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| Stage 1: Excitement | Lasts from 1 minute to several hours
Women- clitoris swells, lips of the vagina open, vagina moistens, nipples harden.
Men- Penis becomes erect, testes pull up, nipples harden.
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| Stage 2: Plateau | Lasts a few seconds to several minutes
Physical changes from stage 1 continue
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| Stage 3: Orgasm | Rhythmic muscle contractions
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| Stage 4: Resolution | Return of body to its normal state
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| Refractory period | only for men, period of time following sexual activity that they cannot achieve an erection.
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| Paraphilias | Person either prefers or must achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior is this unusual or not socially acceptable.
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| social psychology | he scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts and feelings are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others.
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| Social influence | The ways in which a person’s behavior is affected by other people.
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| Conformity | Changing one's own behavior to more closely match the actions of others. Asch's experiment. Which line is of equal length to the one on another card.
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| Groupthink | People feel it is more important to maintain the group’s cohesiveness than to consider the facts more realistically.
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| Compliance | When people change their behavior as a result of another person or group asking or directing them to change.
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| Obedience | Changing behavior at the direct order of an authority figure. (milgram's experiment)
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| Social facilitation | Positive influence of others on performance.
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| Attitude | a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain idea, person, object, or situation.
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| Affective | Way a person feels toward the object, person or situation.
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| Behavioral | The action that a person takes in regard to the person, object or situation.
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| Cognitive components | The way a person thinks about the person, object or situation.
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| Persuasion | The process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action another persons through argument, pleading, or explanation.
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