COGS17 HW2
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When a stimulus is coded through the RATIO of response across multiple cells | Across-fiber coding
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When multiple pre-synaptic cells all communicate to one post-synaptic cell | Convergence
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When one presynaptic cell communicates to many post-synaptic cells | Divergence
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Set of receptors whose activity influences the activity of target cell | Receptive field
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Type of above: stimulating center increases target response, non-center decreases it | Center-surround RF
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Type of map that preserves spatial relationships (as along a sensory surface) | Topological map
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In cortex, disproportionate enlargement of the rep. of a sensory area of low convergence | Magnification factor
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An area of the brain specialized for processing one particular type of information | Module
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The problem posed by having several of the above, and yet perceiving wholes | Binding problem
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Rear layers of neurons in the eyeball | Retina
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Cells that respond to light; show spontaneous, graded release of inhibitory NT | Receptors
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Receptors that are convergent, sensitive to motion & low light, mainly in periphery | Rods
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Receptors that connect few:1, sensitive to color & detail, dispersed plus concentrated in center | Cones
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Central area of above receptor types only, connected 1:1 for highest acuity | Fovea
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Next cell in vision pathway after receptors. Shows spontaneous, graded potentials, release excitatory NT | Bipolar
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Inter-neurons that modify reaction of bipolar, implicated in color opponency | Horizontal cells
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Next cell in vision pathway after bipolars. Has action potentials, release excitatory NT | Ganglions
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Formed of the ganglions in the eye | Optic nerve
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Place where above leaves eye for brain, also called "Blind Spot" | Optic disk
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Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in contrast effects | Amacrines
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Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from receptors | Dim
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Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from bipolars | Bright
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High-detail discrimination, as from low convergence, that retains info on diffs | Acuity
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High likelihood of detection, as from high convergence that crosses next cell's threshold | Sensitivity
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Cell activity resulting in release of inhibitory NT to cells orthogonal to info pathway | Lateral inhibition
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Illusion created by lateral inhibition that alters perception of central grey depending on its surround | Simultaneous contrast
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Direction of inhibition (uni- or bi-directional?) in direction-senstive motion circuit | Unidirectional
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Nucleus in Thalamus that processes most visual information from eye | Lateral geniculate
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In cortex, set of cells, in 6 layers, that all respond to the same preferred stimulus | Column
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In cortex, set of cells that all have same RF and include set of orientation cols & blobs | Hypercolumn
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Topological map that preserves spatial relationships found on Retina | Retinotopic map
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Primary Projection area for vision in Occipital Lobe of cortex | V1/Striate cortex
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Visual pathway specialized for color and detail, that "flows" along bottom of cortex | Parvocellular
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Parvocellular pathway is also called...because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex | Temporal pathway
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Parvocellular pathway is also called…because it conveys info that helps you to identify a stimulus or individual | Who/what pathway
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Small ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with small receptive fields and sustained response | X ganglion
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Visual pathway specialized for motion and localization,"flows" along top part of cortex | Magnocellular
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Magnocellular pathway is also called …because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex | Parietal pathway
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Magnocellular pathway is also called…because it conveys info that helps locate & interact with stimuli | Where/how pathway
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Large ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with large receptive fields and transient response | Y ganglion
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Nucleus in Midbrain in this path, processes some visual (esp motion) info from eye | Superior colliculus
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Though vis cortex damaged & no visual experience, midbrain enables some vis localization | Blindsight
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Color coding per ratio of activity of 3 cone types reponding to 3 overlapping ranges of freqs | Trichromatic vision
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Recoding of trichromatic vision via lateral inhibition from Horizontal cells, into Red/Green & Blue/Yellow | Color opponency
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LGN or Ganglions with R+G-, G+R-, B+Y- or Y+B- receptive fields | Opponent cells
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V4-mediated process that enables ID of color under diff light conditions (AKA "Retinex Theo") | Color constancy
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Cells in V1 that respond to line, or gradient, oriented in particular direction | Simple cells
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Cells in V2 that give best response to moving lines of particular orientation | Complex cells
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Number of dark/light changes per degree of visual angle | Spatial frequencies
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Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Parvo path are most sensitive to | High frequencies
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Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Magno path are most sensitive to | Low frequencies
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End of Parvo pathway, includes cells that prefer hand, face, other complex stim | Inferior temporal
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Deficit from damage to Fusiform Gyrus, patient cannot recognize familiar faces | Prosopagnosia
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Cortex with direction-sensitive cells, responds best to stimulus moving across retina | Medial temporal
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Cortex with optic-flow detectors that responds best to contraction/expansion of whole scene | Medial superior temporal
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In V2 or MT, cells that respond to degrees of diff between location of an image on 2 retina | Disparity detector
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Membrane vibrated by air molecules moving down Auditory Canal | Tympanic membrane
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Three tiny bones linked into lever system, amplify vibrations of above | Malleus, Incus, Stapes
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Membrane vibrated by Stapes, initiating vibration of… | Oval window
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Thick, incompressible, potassium-rich fluid | Endolymph
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The coiled, three-chambered tube in Inner Ear | Cochlea
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Section of central chamber of the cochlea where Receptor Cells are found | Scala media
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Membrane that runs along floor of the scala media , moves up and down | Basilar membrane
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Membrane that runs along roof of the scala media , moves forward & back | Tectorial membrane
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Auditory receptor cells that are deformed between the above two membranes | Hair cells
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Tiny "hairs" extending from above cells whose deformation initiates transduction | Cilia
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Ion that enters receptor, decreasing its polarity | K+
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Ion that enters receptor, causing chain reaction that results in release of NT | Ca++
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NT released by auditory receptors | Glutamate
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Type of change in polarity in receptors (graded vs. action potential?) | Graded
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Cells to which Receptors communicate, whose axons exit to brain | Spiral ganglions
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Type of change in polarity in these cells (graded vs. action potential?) | Action potential
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Relative levels of activity across differentially-resonating Bas. Memb. code freq | Place coding
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Rate of oscillation of Bas. Membrane codes freq per rate of Auditory Nerve Firing | Temporal coding
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Time during which Auditory Nerve Fibers cannot fire next Action Potential | Refractory period
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Since each above can only fire 1/1000sec, must work together at alt. intervals | Volley principle
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Ganglions involved in above can all only fire at the same phase (e.g.) peak of input wave. | Phase locked
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Diffs used for localization, caused by "head shadow" attenuating high freqs | Intensity
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Diffs used for localization, comparing peak & trough of lower frequencies | Phase
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Diffs used for localization, per race of left vs. right Onset signals to Superior Olive | Timing
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Receptor Cells that show divergent connectivity, for detail freq discrimination | Inner hair cells
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Receptor Cells that show convergent connectivity, for loudness discrimination | Outer hair cells
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Axons of spiral ganglion in auditory path form this nerve | Auditory nerve
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The auditory nerve is part of (#?) Cranial Nerve | 8th
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Next synapse in Medulla, beginning of separate information pathways | Cochlear nucleus
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Cell in cochlear nucleus that duplicates the incoming signal | Primary like cell
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Above helps generate what kind of map that reps low>high frequency across cell array | Tonotopic map
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Cell in above nucleus that transforms incoming signal into a transient burst | Onset cell
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Cell in above that transforms incoming signal into one of graded, increasing amp | Build-up cell
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When information from only one ear is involved, as in the above | Monaural
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When info from both ears is combined, good for localization | Binaural
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Next auditory site, also in Medulla, responsible for Orienting Reflex | Superior olive
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Next auditory site, in Midbrain, where info integrated with visual at nearby site | Inferior colliculus
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Next auditory site, in Thalamus, site of among other things… | Medial geniculate nucleus
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Primary Projection Area for audition, in Temporal Lobe of cortex | A1
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Secondary Auditory area in cortex | A2
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Area with critical role in the comprehension of speech, in left hemisphere | Wernicke's area
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Type of complex auditory input processed by higher auditory centers in right hemisphere. | Music
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Type of receptor cells in Vestibular system | Hair
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Ion, when not/allowed to enter cell, changes receptor's polarity | K+
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Changes in velocity & orientation alter this kind of firing rate | Spontaneous firing rate
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Where receptors respond to head tilt via gravity-induced deformation by crystals | Otolith organ
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Three fluid-filled tubes that detect changes in angular acceleration | Semi-circular canals
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Effect when visual and/or motor feedback is inconsistent with vestibular info | Motion sickness
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Cranial nerve (#?) shared with audition | 8th
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Class of receptors that respond to temp, pain, itch and hair follicle movement | Free nerve endings
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Receptors in above class that respond to "noxious" (potentially damaging) stimuli | Nociceptors
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Class of receptors that respond to touch and internal movement | Encapsulated nerve endings
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Detection of internal movement of muscles and organs | Proprioception
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Type of response by above type of receptors (graded or action potentials?) | Action potentials
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Process by which one type of receptor is fatigued, showing its role in coding | Selective adaptation
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Nucleus of Thalamus in somatosensory pathway | Ventral posterior nucleus
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Path for pain and temperature info to brain, crossing over in Spinal Cord | Spinal thalamic pathway
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Path for touch and internal motion info to brain, crossing over in Brainstem | Medial lemniscal pathway
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The… somatosensory path tends to be myelinated | Medial lemniscal
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When damage to one side of spine results in diff losses on ipsi- vs. contra-lateral sides | Brown-Sequard syndrome
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Location of Primary Projection Area (S1) for somatosensory info | Post-central gyrus
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Name of topological map of body surface found there | Penfield map
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Parts of body that fill disproportionate areas of this map | Face, tongue, hands
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Neurotransmitter released by pain receptors and other cells in pain pathway | Substance P
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Theory concerning the top-down blocking of pain info entering brain | Gate theory
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Midbrain area that is probably the source of this blocking | Periaqueductal grey area
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"Endogenous morphines" released by above | Endorphins
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Type of inter-neuron in spine that responds to above input | Inhibitory inter-neuron
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Opiate antagonist that reduces analgesic effects of morphine & acupuncture | Naloxone
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Type of muscle, made of parallel fibers, attached by tendons to bones | Striate
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One type of striate, that moves bone toward body | Flexors
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Other type of striate, that moves bone away from body | Extensors
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Where neuron releases NT that depolarizes muscle fiber cells > contraction | Neuro-muscular junction
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Neurotransmitter released by effector neurons to contract muscles | Acetylcholine
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The contractile unit of a muscle fiber | Sarcomere
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Thick protein filament with knobby bead-like Cross Bridges along it | Myosin
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Thin braided protein filament, anchored to muscle, that above hook into & tighten | Actin
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A proprioceptor that detects passive stretch of a muscle | Spindle
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A mono-synaptic reflex that contracts muscle to counter passive stretch | Stretch reflex
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A reflex triggered by Tendon Organs detecting excessive contraction in muscle | Golgi reflex
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A reflex triggered by pain detectors, rapidly removing skin from source of pain | Pain withdrawal reflex
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A reflex involving an Oscillator Circuit producing a fixed-rate rhythm | Scratch reflex
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Reflexes, such as "rooting" or "grasping", found in newborns | Infant reflexes
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Area of cortex that includes body map, sends movement commands to Stem and Cord | Primary motor cortex
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Location of primary motor cortex | Pre-central gyrus
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Anterior to above, active during preparation to move, receives esp from Visual-Spatial areas | Premotor cortex
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Above includes cells that respond to image of self, or other, performing familiar manual task | Mirror cells
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Lateral area that plans articulation, helps generate gramatical sentences (esp in left hemi) | Broca's area
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Dorsal to above, also active during prep, esp for rapid moves, receives from Parietal | Supplementary motor cortex
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Fast, crossing paths from Pyramids in cortex, esp. for precise control of peripheral moves | Cortico-spinal pathway
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Above stops at this Midbrain structure on way from Cortex to Medulla & Cord | Red Nucleus
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Mainly ipsilateral pathways for posture & gross movement of neck, shoulders & trunk | Ventro-medial pathway
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"Little brain" involved esp in coordinated movement requiring aiming and timing | Cerebellum
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Movements that occur very rapidly & generally cannot be altered once begun | Ballistic
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"Telephone poles" in cerebellar cortex that help code time as distance | Purkinje cells
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"Wires" in above whose action potentials release excitatory NT | Parallel fibers
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Central areas that receive from "telephone poles" and send output to Brain/Cord | Deep nuclei
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Set of forebrain structures controlling posture, muscle tone, & smooth movement | Basal ganglia
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Movement impairment, marked by rigidity, tremors etc, from degeneration of… | Parkinson's disease
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Midbrain structure whose dopaminergic axons synapse in Basal Ganglia | Substantia nigra
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Precursor of dopamine, crosses barrier, converted by neurons into dopamine | L-Dopa
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Name 3 types of neuronal stain that are injected live, but then examined in brain tissue slices | Golgi, Nissl, Weigert
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Creating or exploiting brain damage to determine if that area is necessary to a certain function | Lesions
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Method used to generate, for example, the "Penfield Map" of somatosensory cortex in live patients | Electrical stimulation
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Does staining, lesions, and electrical stimulation get good spatial or temporal resolution? | Good spatial, no temporal
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Which out of staining, lesions, and electrical stimulation yield information on brain function? Lesions/Electrical stimulation |
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Record activity using a micro-electrode probe in an active subject | Single cell recording
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Using a "electrode cap", technique detects the electrical dipoles generated by changing electrical potentials | Electro-encephalogran (EEG)
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Does an EEG record localized changes in electrical activity or summation of changes over thousands of neurons? | Thousands of neurons
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The time-locked average of many EEG trials to factor out other brain activity & focus on a particular response | Event-related potential
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Detection of naturally occurring changes in magnetic fields created by brain activity (complementary to EEG) | Magneto-encephalogram (MEG)
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Out of Single cell recording, EEG, ERP, and MEG, which requires confining the subject in a large apparatus? | MEG
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Out of Single cell recording, EEG, ERP, and MEG, which has the best spatial resolution? | Single cell recording
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Out of Single cell recording, EEG, ERP, and MEG, which is the most expensive? | MEG
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Aspect of MRI that involves using pulse of radio waves to make hydrogen protons gyrate in body's fluid | Resonance
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Aspect of MRI that involves aligning the magnetic fields of those gyrating protons | Magnetic
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Aspect of MRI that involves the release of energy when the protons are allowed to return to 'natural' alignment | Imaging
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Example of a neurological disease revealed by MRI's capacity to distinguish white from grey matter | Multiple Sclerosis
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Technique that makes use of the diff in how oxygenated vs deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood respond to magnetic fields | fMRI
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Is deoxygenated hemoglobin more likely to be found at Active or Non-active sites in the brain? | Active sites
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What does the "f" in "fMRI" stand for? | Functional
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Patient is injected w/radioactive fluid that is absorbed w/glucose into active cells & detected as gamma emissions | Positron emission tomography (PET)
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Technique using 2-D x-rays of tissues that vary in how x-rays penetrate, to build up 3-D image | Computed axial tomography (CAT)
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Order of MRI, fMRI, PET, and CAT scanning techniques, best to worst, for detail resolution | MRI, fMRI, PET, CAT
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Order of MRI, fMRI, PET, and CAT scanning techniques, lowest to highest, for cost | PET, fMRI, MRI, CAT
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