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COGS17 HW2

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
When a stimulus is coded through the RATIO of response across multiple cells   Across-fiber coding  
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When multiple pre-synaptic cells all communicate to one post-synaptic cell   Convergence  
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When one presynaptic cell communicates to many post-synaptic cells   Divergence  
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Set of receptors whose activity influences the activity of target cell   Receptive field  
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Type of above: stimulating center increases target response, non-center decreases it   Center-surround RF  
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Type of map that preserves spatial relationships (as along a sensory surface)   Topological map  
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In cortex, disproportionate enlargement of the rep. of a sensory area of low convergence   Magnification factor  
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An area of the brain specialized for processing one particular type of information   Module  
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The problem posed by having several of the above, and yet perceiving wholes   Binding problem  
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Rear layers of neurons in the eyeball   Retina  
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Cells that respond to light; show spontaneous, graded release of inhibitory NT   Receptors  
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Receptors that are convergent, sensitive to motion & low light, mainly in periphery   Rods  
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Receptors that connect few:1, sensitive to color & detail, dispersed plus concentrated in center   Cones  
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Central area of above receptor types only, connected 1:1 for highest acuity   Fovea  
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Next cell in vision pathway after receptors. Shows spontaneous, graded potentials, release excitatory NT   Bipolar  
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Inter-neurons that modify reaction of bipolar, implicated in color opponency   Horizontal cells  
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Next cell in vision pathway after bipolars. Has action potentials, release excitatory NT   Ganglions  
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Formed of the ganglions in the eye   Optic nerve  
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Place where above leaves eye for brain, also called "Blind Spot"   Optic disk  
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Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in contrast effects   Amacrines  
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Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from receptors   Dim  
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Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from bipolars   Bright  
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High-detail discrimination, as from low convergence, that retains info on diffs   Acuity  
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High likelihood of detection, as from high convergence that crosses next cell's threshold   Sensitivity  
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Cell activity resulting in release of inhibitory NT to cells orthogonal to info pathway   Lateral inhibition  
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Illusion created by lateral inhibition that alters perception of central grey depending on its surround   Simultaneous contrast  
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Direction of inhibition (uni- or bi-directional?) in direction-senstive motion circuit   Unidirectional  
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Nucleus in Thalamus that processes most visual information from eye   Lateral geniculate  
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In cortex, set of cells, in 6 layers, that all respond to the same preferred stimulus   Column  
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In cortex, set of cells that all have same RF and include set of orientation cols & blobs   Hypercolumn  
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Topological map that preserves spatial relationships found on Retina   Retinotopic map  
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Primary Projection area for vision in Occipital Lobe of cortex   V1/Striate cortex  
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Visual pathway specialized for color and detail, that "flows" along bottom of cortex   Parvocellular  
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Parvocellular pathway is also called...because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex   Temporal pathway  
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Parvocellular pathway is also called…because it conveys info that helps you to identify a stimulus or individual   Who/what pathway  
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Small ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with small receptive fields and sustained response   X ganglion  
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Visual pathway specialized for motion and localization,"flows" along top part of cortex   Magnocellular  
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Magnocellular pathway is also called …because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex   Parietal pathway  
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Magnocellular pathway is also called…because it conveys info that helps locate & interact with stimuli   Where/how pathway  
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Large ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with large receptive fields and transient response   Y ganglion  
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Nucleus in Midbrain in this path, processes some visual (esp motion) info from eye   Superior colliculus  
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Though vis cortex damaged & no visual experience, midbrain enables some vis localization   Blindsight  
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Color coding per ratio of activity of 3 cone types reponding to 3 overlapping ranges of freqs   Trichromatic vision  
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Recoding of trichromatic vision via lateral inhibition from Horizontal cells, into Red/Green & Blue/Yellow   Color opponency  
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LGN or Ganglions with R+G-, G+R-, B+Y- or Y+B- receptive fields   Opponent cells  
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V4-mediated process that enables ID of color under diff light conditions (AKA "Retinex Theo")   Color constancy  
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Cells in V1 that respond to line, or gradient, oriented in particular direction   Simple cells  
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Cells in V2 that give best response to moving lines of particular orientation   Complex cells  
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Number of dark/light changes per degree of visual angle   Spatial frequencies  
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Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Parvo path are most sensitive to   High frequencies  
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Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Magno path are most sensitive to   Low frequencies  
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End of Parvo pathway, includes cells that prefer hand, face, other complex stim   Inferior temporal  
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Deficit from damage to Fusiform Gyrus, patient cannot recognize familiar faces   Prosopagnosia  
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Cortex with direction-sensitive cells, responds best to stimulus moving across retina   Medial temporal  
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Cortex with optic-flow detectors that responds best to contraction/expansion of whole scene   Medial superior temporal  
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In V2 or MT, cells that respond to degrees of diff between location of an image on 2 retina   Disparity detector  
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Membrane vibrated by air molecules moving down Auditory Canal   Tympanic membrane  
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Three tiny bones linked into lever system, amplify vibrations of above   Malleus, Incus, Stapes  
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Membrane vibrated by Stapes, initiating vibration of…   Oval window  
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Thick, incompressible, potassium-rich fluid   Endolymph  
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The coiled, three-chambered tube in Inner Ear   Cochlea  
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Section of central chamber of the cochlea where Receptor Cells are found   Scala media  
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Membrane that runs along floor of the scala media , moves up and down   Basilar membrane  
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Membrane that runs along roof of the scala media , moves forward & back   Tectorial membrane  
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Auditory receptor cells that are deformed between the above two membranes   Hair cells  
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Tiny "hairs" extending from above cells whose deformation initiates transduction   Cilia  
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Ion that enters receptor, decreasing its polarity   K+  
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Ion that enters receptor, causing chain reaction that results in release of NT   Ca++  
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NT released by auditory receptors   Glutamate  
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Type of change in polarity in receptors (graded vs. action potential?)   Graded  
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Cells to which Receptors communicate, whose axons exit to brain   Spiral ganglions  
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Type of change in polarity in these cells (graded vs. action potential?)   Action potential  
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Relative levels of activity across differentially-resonating Bas. Memb. code freq   Place coding  
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Rate of oscillation of Bas. Membrane codes freq per rate of Auditory Nerve Firing   Temporal coding  
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Time during which Auditory Nerve Fibers cannot fire next Action Potential   Refractory period  
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Since each above can only fire 1/1000sec, must work together at alt. intervals   Volley principle  
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Ganglions involved in above can all only fire at the same phase (e.g.) peak of input wave.   Phase locked  
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Diffs used for localization, caused by "head shadow" attenuating high freqs   Intensity  
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Diffs used for localization, comparing peak & trough of lower frequencies   Phase  
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Diffs used for localization, per race of left vs. right Onset signals to Superior Olive   Timing  
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Receptor Cells that show divergent connectivity, for detail freq discrimination   Inner hair cells  
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Receptor Cells that show convergent connectivity, for loudness discrimination   Outer hair cells  
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Axons of spiral ganglion in auditory path form this nerve   Auditory nerve  
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The auditory nerve is part of (#?) Cranial Nerve   8th  
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Next synapse in Medulla, beginning of separate information pathways   Cochlear nucleus  
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Cell in cochlear nucleus that duplicates the incoming signal   Primary like cell  
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Above helps generate what kind of map that reps low>high frequency across cell array   Tonotopic map  
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Cell in above nucleus that transforms incoming signal into a transient burst   Onset cell  
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Cell in above that transforms incoming signal into one of graded, increasing amp   Build-up cell  
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When information from only one ear is involved, as in the above   Monaural  
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When info from both ears is combined, good for localization   Binaural  
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Next auditory site, also in Medulla, responsible for Orienting Reflex   Superior olive  
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Next auditory site, in Midbrain, where info integrated with visual at nearby site   Inferior colliculus  
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Next auditory site, in Thalamus, site of among other things…   Medial geniculate nucleus  
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Primary Projection Area for audition, in Temporal Lobe of cortex   A1  
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Secondary Auditory area in cortex   A2  
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Area with critical role in the comprehension of speech, in left hemisphere   Wernicke's area  
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Type of complex auditory input processed by higher auditory centers in right hemisphere.   Music  
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Type of receptor cells in Vestibular system   Hair  
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Ion, when not/allowed to enter cell, changes receptor's polarity   K+  
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Changes in velocity & orientation alter this kind of firing rate   Spontaneous firing rate  
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Where receptors respond to head tilt via gravity-induced deformation by crystals   Otolith organ  
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Three fluid-filled tubes that detect changes in angular acceleration   Semi-circular canals  
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Effect when visual and/or motor feedback is inconsistent with vestibular info   Motion sickness  
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Cranial nerve (#?) shared with audition   8th  
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Class of receptors that respond to temp, pain, itch and hair follicle movement   Free nerve endings  
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Receptors in above class that respond to "noxious" (potentially damaging) stimuli   Nociceptors  
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Class of receptors that respond to touch and internal movement   Encapsulated nerve endings  
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Detection of internal movement of muscles and organs   Proprioception  
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Type of response by above type of receptors (graded or action potentials?)   Action potentials  
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Process by which one type of receptor is fatigued, showing its role in coding   Selective adaptation  
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Nucleus of Thalamus in somatosensory pathway   Ventral posterior nucleus  
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Path for pain and temperature info to brain, crossing over in Spinal Cord   Spinal thalamic pathway  
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Path for touch and internal motion info to brain, crossing over in Brainstem   Medial lemniscal pathway  
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The… somatosensory path tends to be myelinated   Medial lemniscal  
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When damage to one side of spine results in diff losses on ipsi- vs. contra-lateral sides   Brown-Sequard syndrome  
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Location of Primary Projection Area (S1) for somatosensory info   Post-central gyrus  
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Name of topological map of body surface found there   Penfield map  
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Parts of body that fill disproportionate areas of this map   Face, tongue, hands  
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Neurotransmitter released by pain receptors and other cells in pain pathway   Substance P  
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Theory concerning the top-down blocking of pain info entering brain   Gate theory  
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Midbrain area that is probably the source of this blocking   Periaqueductal grey area  
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"Endogenous morphines" released by above   Endorphins  
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Type of inter-neuron in spine that responds to above input   Inhibitory inter-neuron  
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Opiate antagonist that reduces analgesic effects of morphine & acupuncture   Naloxone  
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Type of muscle, made of parallel fibers, attached by tendons to bones   Striate  
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One type of striate, that moves bone toward body   Flexors  
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Other type of striate, that moves bone away from body   Extensors  
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Where neuron releases NT that depolarizes muscle fiber cells > contraction   Neuro-muscular junction  
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Neurotransmitter released by effector neurons to contract muscles   Acetylcholine  
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The contractile unit of a muscle fiber   Sarcomere  
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Thick protein filament with knobby bead-like Cross Bridges along it   Myosin  
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Thin braided protein filament, anchored to muscle, that above hook into & tighten   Actin  
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A proprioceptor that detects passive stretch of a muscle   Spindle  
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A mono-synaptic reflex that contracts muscle to counter passive stretch   Stretch reflex  
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A reflex triggered by Tendon Organs detecting excessive contraction in muscle   Golgi reflex  
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A reflex triggered by pain detectors, rapidly removing skin from source of pain   Pain withdrawal reflex  
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A reflex involving an Oscillator Circuit producing a fixed-rate rhythm   Scratch reflex  
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Reflexes, such as "rooting" or "grasping", found in newborns   Infant reflexes  
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Area of cortex that includes body map, sends movement commands to Stem and Cord   Primary motor cortex  
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Location of primary motor cortex   Pre-central gyrus  
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Anterior to above, active during preparation to move, receives esp from Visual-Spatial areas   Premotor cortex  
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Above includes cells that respond to image of self, or other, performing familiar manual task   Mirror cells  
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Lateral area that plans articulation, helps generate gramatical sentences (esp in left hemi)   Broca's area  
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Dorsal to above, also active during prep, esp for rapid moves, receives from Parietal   Supplementary motor cortex  
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Fast, crossing paths from Pyramids in cortex, esp. for precise control of peripheral moves   Cortico-spinal pathway  
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Above stops at this Midbrain structure on way from Cortex to Medulla & Cord   Red Nucleus  
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Mainly ipsilateral pathways for posture & gross movement of neck, shoulders & trunk   Ventro-medial pathway  
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"Little brain" involved esp in coordinated movement requiring aiming and timing   Cerebellum  
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Movements that occur very rapidly & generally cannot be altered once begun   Ballistic  
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"Telephone poles" in cerebellar cortex that help code time as distance   Purkinje cells  
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"Wires" in above whose action potentials release excitatory NT   Parallel fibers  
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Central areas that receive from "telephone poles" and send output to Brain/Cord   Deep nuclei  
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Set of forebrain structures controlling posture, muscle tone, & smooth movement   Basal ganglia  
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Movement impairment, marked by rigidity, tremors etc, from degeneration of…   Parkinson's disease  
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Midbrain structure whose dopaminergic axons synapse in Basal Ganglia   Substantia nigra  
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Precursor of dopamine, crosses barrier, converted by neurons into dopamine   L-Dopa  
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Name 3 types of neuronal stain that are injected live, but then examined in brain tissue slices   Golgi, Nissl, Weigert  
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Creating or exploiting brain damage to determine if that area is necessary to a certain function   Lesions  
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Method used to generate, for example, the "Penfield Map" of somatosensory cortex in live patients   Electrical stimulation  
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Does staining, lesions, and electrical stimulation get good spatial or temporal resolution?   Good spatial, no temporal  
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Which out of staining, lesions, and electrical stimulation yield information on brain function? Lesions/Electrical stimulation    
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Record activity using a micro-electrode probe in an active subject   Single cell recording  
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Using a "electrode cap", technique detects the electrical dipoles generated by changing electrical potentials   Electro-encephalogran (EEG)  
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Does an EEG record localized changes in electrical activity or summation of changes over thousands of neurons?   Thousands of neurons  
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The time-locked average of many EEG trials to factor out other brain activity & focus on a particular response   Event-related potential  
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Detection of naturally occurring changes in magnetic fields created by brain activity (complementary to EEG)   Magneto-encephalogram (MEG)  
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Out of Single cell recording, EEG, ERP, and MEG, which requires confining the subject in a large apparatus?   MEG  
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Out of Single cell recording, EEG, ERP, and MEG, which has the best spatial resolution?   Single cell recording  
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Out of Single cell recording, EEG, ERP, and MEG, which is the most expensive?   MEG  
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Aspect of MRI that involves using pulse of radio waves to make hydrogen protons gyrate in body's fluid   Resonance  
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Aspect of MRI that involves aligning the magnetic fields of those gyrating protons   Magnetic  
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Aspect of MRI that involves the release of energy when the protons are allowed to return to 'natural' alignment   Imaging  
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Example of a neurological disease revealed by MRI's capacity to distinguish white from grey matter   Multiple Sclerosis  
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Technique that makes use of the diff in how oxygenated vs deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood respond to magnetic fields   fMRI  
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Is deoxygenated hemoglobin more likely to be found at Active or Non-active sites in the brain?   Active sites  
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What does the "f" in "fMRI" stand for?   Functional  
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Patient is injected w/radioactive fluid that is absorbed w/glucose into active cells & detected as gamma emissions   Positron emission tomography (PET)  
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Technique using 2-D x-rays of tissues that vary in how x-rays penetrate, to build up 3-D image   Computed axial tomography (CAT)  
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Order of MRI, fMRI, PET, and CAT scanning techniques, best to worst, for detail resolution   MRI, fMRI, PET, CAT  
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Order of MRI, fMRI, PET, and CAT scanning techniques, lowest to highest, for cost   PET, fMRI, MRI, CAT  
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