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Lecture 1

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
You have a patient with an ischemic limb due to a clot and you restore blood flow. What happens to those ischemic cells now?   Reperfusion Injury. Blood to flow into the area brings with it O2 (free radical formation) Ca++ (Phospholipase A2 activation) and Leukocytes (inflammation)  
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Name some antioxidants   Vit E, Glutathione, Transferrin, Ascorbic Acid, ceruloplasmin (Ascorbc Acid is commonly given on the wards to help with wound healing)  
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what are two enzymes that help inactivate ROS   Superoxide dismutase and catalase  
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what are some metals that result in direct chemical cell injury   mercury, lead, and Iron  
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Redundancy?   maintenance and repair mechanism of vital structures resulting in increased reliability  
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Progeria?   You may have seen these guys on the Maury show. Premature accelerated aging. Google image this one and you won't forget it!  
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Werner's   Defect on Chromosome 8 that results in rapid aging  
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Is acute cell injury always permanent   NO! there is both reversible and irreversible forms of cell injury  
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Pyknosis   condensation of nuclear chromatin and reduction in nuclear size (Pyk the Pit out of the olive with is what the nuclear content looks like with pyknosis)  
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Karyolysis   dissolution of the nucleus (looks like a speckled ball)  
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Karyorrhexis   Fragmentation of the nucleus (Fragments are larger than specks and you will see clumps)  
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Necrosis   a PASSIVE unregulated injurious process  
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Heterolysis   when enzymes released from inflammatory cells assist in the digeston of necrotic cells  
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Autolysis   begins after cell death and is secondary to release of proteolytic hydrolytic enzymes from lysozymes WITHIN the dead cell  
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Examples of Coagulation Necrosis are seen in?   INFARCT of heart or lung (lots of blood in both of these organs to coagulate)  
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Examples of liquefaction necrosis are seen in?   BRAIN infarcts and Abscesses (Liquid Brain)  
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Caseous Necrosis   combo of liquefactive an coagulative necrosis with a yummy "Cottage Cheese" appearance  
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When do you see caseous necrosis in real life   tuberculosis  
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You have a brain infarct what type of necrosis do you expect?   liquefaction  
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You have a heart attack. What type of necrosis do you expect?   coagulation  
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You have a lung infarct. What type of necrosis do you expect?   coagulation  
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Where might you find fat necrosis?   in the peripancreatic and mesenteric fat  
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Saponification is part of what type of necrosis?   Fat necrosis (soap is just broken down fat)  
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Gangrene is another word for?   Necrosis  
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Dry Gangrene is what type of necrosis?   coagulative necrosis  
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Wet Gangrene is what type of necrosis?   Liquifaction  
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Apoptosis   A HIGHLY regulated energy dependent coordinated process leading to cell death (ACTIVE Programmed death)  
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Is apoptosis always a bad thing?   NO! We would all have webbed hands if it weren't for apoptosis removing cells to separate our fingers.  
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What happens when apoptosis fails?   CANCER and other developmental abnormalities  
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Place the following aspects of apoptosis in order...1) apoptotic bodies 2) blebs 3) crescents   blebs, crescents, bodies  
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If there is acute inflammation present with the death of a cell what do you have apoptosis or necrosis?   Necrosis, apoptosis does not have any acute inflammation  
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Fas..Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   inducer  
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TNF ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   Inducer (it stands for Tumor Necrosis Factor)  
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CSF...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   Suppressor - so if you stimulate colonies of cells to form you should suppress apoptosis  
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Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   Suppressor - growth and apoptosis are opposite so it suppresses apoptosis  
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Caspases... Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   Inducer  
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p53 ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   Inducer  
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bax...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   Inducer  
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EBV...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   Suppressor (ebstein barr virus)  
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viral hepatiis...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   Inducer  
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bcl-2...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   suppressor  
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TGF-b ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   Inducer  
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Ca ions....Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis?   Inducer  
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Major common pathway of apoptosis?   Cysteine proteolytic caspases  
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Does EndoG need the caspases for activation?   no it can function on its own  
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bax and bcl-2 have opposite effects which does which?   bcl-2 suppresses appoptoss and bax induces they "fight" each other  
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What does ubiquitin do?   marks substrates for destruction by apoptosis  
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Comparison of loss of cell adhesion between necrosis and apoptosis   Necrosis has late loss of cell adhesion and apoptois has early loss  
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Are organelles damaged early or late in the process of apoptosis   late (necrosis is early)  
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Karyohexis is associated with necrosis or apoptosis   Apoptosis  
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Karyolysis is associated with necrosis or apoptosis   Necrosis  
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Necrosis is damage at what cellular level   Tissues (apoptosis is at the level of single cells)  
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Do you get scar formation with necrosis or apoptosis   necrosis (apoptosis has complete absorption)  
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Atrophy   Decrease in cell size and function  
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You have a patient in bed for a long period of time with a peripheral nerve injury in a leg that they aren't really using anymore who is eating poorly and not leaving their O2 mask on.... what type of cellular reaction will they have   atrophy (note oxygenation is more of a peripheral blood flow thing but it helps to have a picture in your head)  
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Main difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia   hypetrophy-increase in cell size hyperplasia-increase in the number of cells  
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When you have a continuous cell injury do you get hypertrophy or hyperplasia   hyperplasia (think of it like increasing the padding)  
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Metaplasia   REVERSIBLE conversion of one differentiated cel type to another from chronic irritation or inflammation  
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You have a nasty habit of smoking three packs of cigarettes a day so your columnar epithelium decides to become squamous epithelium to protect itself. This is an example of?   metaplasia due to chronic irritaiton and inflammation  
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when water accumulates in the cells you get what effect on the tissue   Edema  
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Xanthoma is a result of what accumulated substance   cholesterol (Cholesterol is yellow and xantho is greek for yellow)  
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Hemosiderosis is the result of what accumulated substance   Iron (this can be bad news for someone's liver. It can be treated by donating blood so give to your red cross just in case)  
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Wilsons is the result of accumulation of this substance   Copper (it can cause psychosis and will leave little rusty brown rings around the corneas "Keyser Fleischer rings")  
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Black lung is accumulation of what substance   Anthracosis  
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Jaundice is the accumulation of what substance   Bilirubin (this is a yellow pigment normally cleared by the liver but in people who have cirrhosis like alcoholics it is not cleared leaving a yellow hue to the person's skin and eyes)  
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Gout is the accumulation of what substance   Urate (small crystal accumulate leaving joints so painful that even a bed sheet on a big toe is excruciating)  
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